Shekara na kafuwar Irkutsk. Foundation na birnin Irkutsk tarihi, kwanan

Irkutsk ba kawai dauke da babban birnin Eastern Siberia, amma kuma gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ta hanyar mu'ujiza tsira da romanticism na haihuwa. Ga daidaituwa lauye ladabi Kasuwanci 'manyan gidãje, na gargajiya Rasha daular da grand Baroque. Yanzu shi ne wani mashahurin birni da yawa m kuma, wata babbar kimiyya da fasaha tushe.

Irkutsk tarihin kafuwar

Daga ina suka zo da wannan sunan? Name wannan birni ba da kogin Irkut. Game da tambaya: "Mene ne shekara na kafuwar Irkutsk?" masana harkokin kimiyya, har yanzu akwai da dama da ra'ayin. Wasu tallafawa ka'idar cewa wannan taron ya faru a farkon, da sauransu su ne tabbatar da cewa a tsakiyar XVII karni. A cewar wasu asusun, da shekara da cewa shi ne tushen Irkutsk - 1652-th, a lokacin da wannan wuri zo Cossack detachment Ivana Pohabova, yanke shawarar gina wani gida. Sai ya zama a wani yanki inda biyu koguna - da Angara da Irkut - garwaya. Amma mutanen nan ba su zauna dogon, da kuma koma ga manufar Baikal Yasaka aikin tilas (haraji a irin) na duk waɗanda ba su biya wani haraji.

A cewar wasu kafofin, ranar kafuwar birnin Irkutsk - Yuli 6, 1661. Wannan shi ne dauke hukuma. Sa'an nan kuma, a kan hakkin banki na Angara River shi aka kafa ta wani gidan yari Pokhabov - Yakubu. The yarjejeniya da aka mai suna Irkutsk. A yankin zaba shi ne ba abin mamaki ba, kamar yadda wannan shi ne inda ƙasar da aka m, ruwa da aka jiha da kifi, da gandun daji - wasan. Bugu da kari, wannan wuri shi ne a tsaka-tsaki na babbar cinikayya hanyoyi tsakanin Gabas da Yamma. The yarjejeniya da aka girma cikin sauri, da kuma riga a cikin 9th shekara na tushen Irkutsk ta kasar Sin bi da farko Moscow Manzo. Bayan wani 5 shekaru a kasar Sin na tafi da Rasha Jakadan Nikolai Spafary.

A sabon matsayi

Don wannan rana, ajiye daftarin aiki, ja dāga a kan 23 ga watan shekara na kafuwar Irkutsk, t. E. kwanan rana 1684 shekara, abin da ya bayyana gari ƙarshen XVII karni. Ya ce cewa a cikin birni a lokacin akwai wani coci, shida hasumiya, da wani sarki kotu, inda gwamnonin zauna a Irkutsk. Bugu da kari, gina baho, hotel, cottages for guda Cossacks, cellars kuma barns. Towers da slits inda bindigogi sun kasance, da kuma a cikin daya daga cikin ganuwar da aka haka da ake kira gunpowder bukka wanda aka yi amfani da ajiya na daban-daban da makamai da tarin harsasai.

A 25th shekara na kafuwar Irkutsk karshe bayar da birni matsayi. Wannan taron ya faru a 1686. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ya samu da kansa gashi na makamai da kuma hatimi. Very da sauri, da jita-jita game da sabon birni da aka watsar ba kawai a Siberia, amma kuma a cikin dukan ƙasar Rasha. M wuri da kuma tati sanya shi cikin tsakiyar m yankin, don haka a nan ambaliya mutane daga sassa da dama na kasar. A kan 36th shekara na tushe na birnin Irkutsk a cikinsa akwai mutum ɗari shida da iyalan shũka manoman wanda aka kasaftawa filaye da kuma natsuwa. A cewar tsoho takardun, wadannan mutane domin a samarwa masu zaman kansu tattalin arzikin birnin taskar bayar da garma, da dawakai, wagon, kazalika da dabbobi da kuma kaji. Amma tushen dukan tattalin arzikin da aka burodi. Su kawota cikin Cossacks, kazalika da iri daban-daban 'yan kasuwa da kuma masu bincike, wanda ya koma zuwa cikin zuciya na Siberia a search na m ƙasar.

Kusan a shekara na kafuwar birnin Irkutsk a cikin Office aka halitta da ake kira burodi sashen, wanda aka tsunduma a shan la'akari da wadata, rasit, delivery, ajiya da kuma sayar da alkama, da hatsin rai da hatsi. Don yin wannan, ko musamman kumbura sandarsa, wanda ya hada da gwamnoni, shugabannin, sakatarorin Podyachev, foremen, da sauransu. D. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa yawan mazauna ya ƙara muhimmanci bayan da Tsar Bitrus na fara gudun hijira a nan maharba suka halarci a cikin tawaye da sarki . Saboda haka, a farkon karni na XVIII Irkutsk da fiye da 3400 mazaunan, kuma shi ne da bukatunsu na wadanda sau da aka mai tsanani adadi ga Siberian birni.

kara ci gaba da

By tsakiyar XVIII karni, a nan ya zo da sanannen Moscow karauka. Kuma bayan game shekaru 100 bayan kafuwar Irkutsk ya nan karfe a kowace shekara don gudanar da wani babban adalci. Wadannan ayyuka ƙwarai da gudummawar da saurin ci gaban harkokin ciniki da birnin kanta, inda suka fara gina yawa masana'antu, breweries da Mills.

A tsawon lokaci, ya bayyana a Irkutsk da kuma ta wurin zama yadi da shaguna da kuma stalls. kasuwanci gini aikin da aka ɓullo da Giacomo Quarenghi - sanannen Italian m na XVIII karni. A kan ƙasa na Gostiny Dvor ya ba kasa da ɗari biyu Stores, amma da rashin alheri ya ba su tsira. Don sun tsira wata halitta dabam na maye - White House ne har yanzu a tsaye a gāɓar da Angara. Yana da aka gina tare da kudi bayar da m Sibiryakov. A kadan daga baya, wannan gini ya zama mazaunin Gwamna-Janar. Yanzu akwai daya daga cikin mafi girma a taskõkin ƙasa - Scientific Library na Irkutsk Jami'ar Jihar. Ya ƙunshi wani sa na pre-neman sauyi zamanin littattafai. Wadannan sun hada da Decembrists da kuma na sirri library, kazalika da manyan yawan periodicals cewa ya bayyana a cikin XIX karni.

Development of Crafts da kuma zargin da masana'antu

Irkutsk tushe (photo na yadda ya duba a cikin waɗancan kwanaki, an gabatar a review), sa'an nan bayar da shi da matsayi na birnin janyo hankalin wani gagarumin kwarara daga baƙi zuwa bankunan na Angara. Wannan sa a cikin m ci gaba da waɗannan ƙasashe da kuma fitowan na crafts masana'antu. Local masassaƙa da aka gina a nan katakon ninkaya - kananan katako lebur-bottomed jirgin ruwa tare da wani bene da wani mast, wanda ake amfani da yadu a mafi yawan daga cikin manyan Rasha kõguna da amfani da yafi ga harkokin sufuri na daban-daban cargoes, yin la'akari daga 7 zuwa 200 ton.

Kasuwanci da kuma matafiya kawai, shi ya faru a Irkutsk, kamar yadda daya ya nuna cewa, birnin ne domin ta shahara hukuma masu yi, an sanya kyau furniture. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa su kayayyakin ne a bukatar ko da a Petersburg. The abu don su samar da wani musamman jinsunan itatuwa da girma ne kawai a cikin Siberian taiga. Bugu da kari, birnin na da mai kyau painters, waɗanda ayyukansu qawata da arziki azurfa saituna. Back a Irkutsk yi mai ban mamaki arziki karusai, kazalika da al'ada haske droshky, musamman saba da Siberian hanyoyi.

Town girma cikin sauri. Domin gina sababbin gine-gine na dutse da ake bukata wani tubali, kuma nan da nan a kananan tubali shuka da aka gina a nan. Tun kafuwar Irkutsk, da ranar da yake har yanzu wani al'amari na muhawara a tsakanin masana kimiyya, ya faru a rarrabawa da muhimmanci cinikayya hanyoyi, shi ne ba abin mamaki ba cewa akwai wani yawa na kayayyakin da aka gabatar ba kawai a Mongolia da kuma China, amma kuma daga Asiya ta tsakiya, har ma da Turai. A tsawon lokaci, ya zama birnin wata babbar cibiyar na kasar tare da tovaroraspredelitelny kyawawan m tushen samun kudin shiga, sun fi mayar da ciko jihar taskar.

Saboda haka, za mu iya cewa da tabbaci ba da kafuwar birnin Irkutsk shi ne m ci gaba da cinikayya, crafts da kuma masana'antu, wanda yana da kyau tasiri ba kawai a kan tattalin arzikin na Eastern Siberia, amma duk Rasha jihar. Bugu da kari, akwai sau da yawa aka gudanar daban-daban diplomasiyya tarurruka domin tattauna muhimmanci dangantakar.

bayyanar

A tushe na Irkutsk (mu taƙaice yi magana game da wannan a sama) ya mai da gaske gagarumin taron na Rasha jihar. Kamar yadda tattalin arzikin hankali canza kama birnin. Majami'u biyu da aka gina - da kuma mai ceto Holy Cross, wanda za a iya ganin darajarsa har yau. Su ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin gine-gine a dutse Eastern Siberia. Bugu da kari, akwai aka gina manyan nasara baka.

Abin takaici, mafi yawan gidajen gina a cikin shekara na tushe na birnin Irkutsk, an halaka su da yawa mummunar gobara cewa kullum bayyana ga dalilai daban-daban. A farko daga gare su ƙone kagarar gina tare da wani katako, Spassky coci. Yana da aka gina, amma na dutse. An dauke da mafi hallakaswa wuta, wanda ya barke a 1679, lokacin da wata wuta halaka fiye da 3 da dubu. Katako, da kuma game da 100 dutse gidaje. Sa'an nan kuma ya ƙone kusan dukan gari. Kawai shekaru 10 bayan da bala'i a nan tituna aka sake kafa. Bugu da kari, mazauna Irkutsk da kuma sha wahala daga girgizar asa, a matsayin birni ne dake a wani seismically aiki zone.

kimiyya expeditions

Yana iya bayyana cewa, kusan shekara ta fari ta Irkutsk tushe masu bincike ne musamman sha'awar a cikin wadannan wurare. Musamman mai yawa kimiyya expeditions da aka cika a lokacin da XVIII karni, farko da ta sarautar Bitrus I, kuma ta sarautar Empress Catherine II. The abu na binciken ne ba kawai ga Lake Baikal da kuma arziki Siberian yankin, amma Gabas a matsayin dukan. A matuƙar manufa na wadannan expeditions ya zuwa shirya hanya domin Rasha jihar zuwa tekun Pacific.

Gwamnati a] en tafiye-tafiye zuwa Mongolia, Yakutia, China, da kuma shirye-shiryen su kasance a Irkutsk. Shi ne daga nan, da kuma mulkin mallaka da kuma ci gaban da Amur gaba. A nan, wani mashahuri ofishin na Rasha-American Company, wanda a cikin XIX karni aka tsunduma ba kawai a cikin kasuwanci, amma kuma ci gaban sabon ƙasashe, daga Alaska da kuma kawo karshen tare da Japan tsibirin. Hanyar farko ofishin jakadancin, ya tafi zuwa Beijing, kuma ya gudu ta hanyar Irkutsk. Ga mun kasance, da kuma babban cinikayya hanya manyan zuwa kasar Sin da kuma Mongolia. Kusan duk wholesale kasuwanci a Gabas Siberian ƙasar da aka a cikin hannãyenku daga gida fatake.

Yana Irkutsk shirya farko biyu expeditions jagoranci da Vitus Bering. Ya kara girma na birnin da kuma cewa shi ya shirya tushe don samar da yin yawo kaya da abinci. Bugu da kari, da gina jiragen ruwa don marine ɓangare na balaguro aka wakkala a gida sana'a, shipbuilders.

Place for reference

A cikin XIX karni Eastern Siberia ya zama wani wuri na bauta wa da hukunci siyasa unreliable 'yan ƙasa na Rasha daular. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan lokaci a Irkutsk a kan biyu 'yan asalin mutane , akwai daya kõre. A birnin a lokuta daban-daban rayu Decembrists, Polish maharan da Mutane. Kowane daga cikinsu, a wani hanya rinjayi makomar wannan yankin. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na Decembrists, wanda ya buɗe a nan a matsayin makaranta ga yara maza da 'yan mata, sa'an nan outperforming Turai na kasar.

Irkutsk sa'a da cewa hukumomi sun yarda da shi, rãyuwa a cikin biyu iyalan - Trubetskoy da Volkonsky. Gidajensu zama zahiri cikin zuciya da kuma cibiyar al'adu na birnin. Don samun can, duk nema ya Irkutsk matasa, kamar yadda a can sukan shirya wasanni da kuma kide, wanda aka samu halartar biyu St. Petersburg da kuma ziyartar Faransa da Italiyanci mawaƙa da masu kida.

Development of Science and Industry

Daga tsakiyar karni XIX ya zama birnin da babban birnin kasar na zinariya hakan ma'adinai masana'antu. Ko ina a Irkutsk fara garken zuwa babban birnin kasar na babban masana'antun, yan kasuwa da kuma ko kasashen waje da kamfanoni. Suna tsunduma a cikin ci gaban da zinariya hakar ma'adinai yankin. A sakamakon haka, sun yi ta ƙara musu muhimmanci babban birnin kasar da kuma zama cikin hadaddiyar mutane ba kawai a Siberia, amma dukan na Rasha. Rawar da suka taka a birnin raya kasa ba za a iya overestimated. Suka tsunduma a yi na biyu nasu, a gidajen qasaita da jama'a gine-gine - marayu da asibitoci, da kuma daban-daban makarantu. Muhimmanci kudi da aka ma sanya samuwa, da kuma ci gaban kimiyya. A lokaci guda a cikin birni akwai bugu latsa kuma na farko jaridu.

A 1851 ta bude da farko, a Gabashin Siberia kimiyya ma'aikata a Irkutsk - Siberian reshe na Rasha Kasa Society, wanda aka baya sake masa suna da Gabas-Siberian. A cikin ganuwar ta yi binciken Baikal yawa fice masana kimiyya na Lena River da tabkuna, kamar AL Chekanovsky, VI da kuma I. D. Dybovsky Cherskiy. A nan ne sanannen geographer, a fanning binciken kasa da kuma bincike na Siberian ƙasashe V. A. Obruchev.

A 1898, a lokacin mulkin sarkin Alexander III na, ta hanyar garin sharewa Trans-Siberian railway. A farko jirgin kasa ya isa a Irkutsk a kan Agusta 16, kuma wannan taron tare da farin ciki mai yawa ya gaishe da mazauna, don haka yadda za a samu to Moscow iya yanzu za a yi don kawai 9 kwanaki. Kwanciya reluwe da gudummawar da mafi m ci gaban masana'antu a wannan yankin.

A farkon karni na ashirin da

A wannan lokaci, Irkutsk zama mafi kyau na duk Siberian birane. Akwai riga fiye da ɗari uku na dutse gine-gine, da kuma tituna ne mai tsabta, da fadi da kuma da-lit. A lokacin wannan lokacin ya fara halin sāke gari - aka gina babban gine-gine, cobble dutse hanyoyi da kuma pavements asphalted karo na farko. Bugu da kari, ya fara aiki a ikon da ruwa.

A shekarar 1918 a Gabashin Siberia bude farko ma'aikata na mafi girma ilimi - Irkutsk Jami'ar Jihar. Kuma a karshen May a wadannan wurare ya zo yakin basasa. City a takaice ya zama mazaunin Koli mulkin Rasha - Admiral Kolchak, da kuma a kan Disamba 28, shi ne farkon m yãƙi. Janairu 5, 1920 Irkutsk aka shagaltar da ta Bolsheviks. Hambarar da mulkin Kolchak da kuma na Admiral hukuncin kisa. Jikinsa da aka jefa shi a cikin kogi Ushakovka. Wannan taron yayi kama da giciye, saita a shafin na abubuwan da suka faru. Duk da haka, inda janar aka harbe, a Sign of sufi, da wani abin tunawa da aka gina a cikin Nuwamba 2004.

War kuma postwar shekaru

Lokacin da yaki tare da Nazi Jamus, Irkutsk, duk da babbar nesa daga gaban line, taka muhimmiyar rawa a karfafa a kasar ta kare. A lokacin yakin, yaki domin motherland aika fiye da 200 da dubu. Irkutsk. Wadanda suka kasance a cikin birnin, aiki selflessly, samar da jiragen sama da kuma harsasai, kazalika da samar da abinci gaban.

Bayan da yaki, Irkutsk ci gaba cikin sauri, sannu-sannu ɗaukar surar wani m birnin. A shekarar 1958 mun kammala gina na farko a Eastern Siberia, wani babban hydroelectric iko tashar. Bayan da ambaliyar ruwa, da tafki matakin na Angara River tashi da game da 30, da kuma Lake Baikal - 1 mita.

wayewar

Irkutsk ne birni na dalibai. Akwai fiye da 40 jami'o'i, wanda ya koya daruruwan likitoci da kuma dubban 'yan takara a fiye da 250 fannoni. Ga zo da nema ba kawai daga Irkutsk, amma kuma daga m yankunan. A gida kimiyya hadaddun ne daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin Rasha Federation.

Modern Irkutsk - shi ne tattalin arziki da cibiyar da Eastern Siberia. Akwai fiye da 70 masana'antu Enterprises. To ɓullo da na'ura gini, samar da kankare kayayyakin, kayan gini, da dai sauransu Shi ne musamman arziki a cikin halitta, masana'antu da kuma samar da makamashi, kazalika da damar da za su saya birane na birni dukiya da kuma dogon lokaci haya na ƙasar - .. Duk wadannan abubuwan halitta mai sosai m yanayi ya jawo hankalin masu zuba jari.

Tarihi, al'adu da kuma kimiyya hadisai kafa a lokacin da dama ƙarni na Irkutsk, da gaskiya, da ya sanya birnin mai da muhimmanci sosai da kuma kyau wurare a Rasha, kazalika da cibiyar, wanda ya kawo tare da sararin ƙasa Angara yankin.