Rudiment - shi ne hujja daga cikin tarihi ci gaba da kwayoyin duniya

Rudiment - shi ne jiki, babban darajar abin da aka rasa a cikin aiwatar da juyin ci gaban da kwayoyin. A karkashin wannan ra'ayi shi ne kuma a cikin tsarin, da kuma rage damar ne kasa a kwatanta da daidai Tsarin cikin wasu kwayoyin. An yi imani da cewa gabobi marasa aiki ne m, amma da yawa daga cikinsu a yanzu yi wasu bai isa a kula ko gwada da sauki ayyukan yin amfani da Tsarin, mafi kusantar yi nufi ga mafi hadaddun a raga.

M kyautai juyin halitta

By farkon na XIX karni kamanta Anatomy, kuma aka sani da kamanta ilimin halittar jiki, kafa matsayin mai zaman kanta nazarin halittu horo cewa hulda da dokokin general na ci gaba da kuma tsarin da gabobin ta hanyar kwatanta daban-daban irin halittu masu rai a matakai daban-daban na embryogenesis. Shi ya zama tushen shaidar asalin mutum daga sauran wakilan da dabba duniya. Anatomy saukar da wannan gabobin a daban-daban kwayoyin cewa bambanta a size da kuma siffar. da cikakken rashi na wasu daga cikinsu ko gwada da talauci ɓullo da a kwatanta da wannan gabobin a cikin wasu jinsunan da aka hange. Underdeveloped gabobin zo da za a kira rudimentary (daga Latin rudimentum -. "The farko, da rudiment"). Su da jũna mara amfani da kuma suke a kan hanyar zuwa nau'i nau'i.

Rudiment - jiki da aka aza a cikin shakka daga amfrayo ci gaba, amma a ƙarshe daina fitowa. A cikin balagaggu form a nan gaba, ya zauna a cikin underdeveloped jihar. Irin wannan jikin ko sassa na su za a iya samu a kusan kowane irin dabba da shuka iri. Idan aka kwatanta da homologue (kama) Tsarin kama kwayoyin ne ko dai underdeveloped ko rasa wasu muhimmin bangare.

Akwai irin wannan jikin da a jikin mu. Alal misali, da hikimar hakora - da rudiment mutum. wannan da kuma gawawwakin kamar na uku fatar ido, ko epicanthus, tailbone, appendix cecum, kunne tsokoki, da haddasa su motsi, gashi a kan akwati, extremities. A cikin duka, jikin mutum za a iya kidaya fiye da 100. Su ne ragowar wadanda jikinsu cewa sun ga m kakanninmu siffofin da cikakken fledged bayyanar.

Evidence na tarihi ci gaba da kwayoyin duniya

Gabobi marasa aiki a sakamakon wani canje-canje a cikin kewaye yanayi a cikin nau'i na wani irin rayuwa hasarar da muhimmanci ga rayuwa da kuma hankali gushe aiki. Kada mu manta da kullum da ke faruwa maye gurbi da ya kai ga wani rage a cikin girman da daban-daban jikinsu, raunanar da su ayyuka. A taron na babba muhimmanci ga rayuwa kwayoyin sha maye gurbi da aka shafe ta.

A tsarin, wanda yake a cikin tsari na kawar da nakiyar, da lãbãri ga manufar "alãma". wannan peculiar tsarin juyin halitta, wadda ta dogara ne a kan maye gurbi, hereditary canje-canje a wasu mutane. A kwayoyin da kadan ci gaba da tsarin na yau da kullum huldodi (dangantaka) ne da za'ayi sannu a hankali coadaptation sassa. Yana daukan wuri a cikin tsari na zabin yanayi mafi muhimmanci, jitu dangantakar. Shi ne halitta juna aikin karbuwa a cikin juyin canji na kowane daga cikin gawawwakin mutum daya ko wani rukuni, kazalika da daban-daban halittu masu rai na biocenosis.

Hakazalika, rudimentary misali mutum Tsarin zai iya bauta wa appendix (appendix). Wannan saura caecum, da zarar aiki jiki ne manyan a cikin narkewa kamar tsarin herbivores. Its ayyuka ne bayyananne isa. High fiber abinci domin su narkewa bukatar lokaci mai tsawo, ga wani makaho outgrowth wakiltar inda shafe sunã mãsu dawwama microflora wuce sauka a hankali aiwatar shuka digesting cellulose. A cikin shakka daga juyin halitta, kakanninmu fara ci kasa mai kuma mafi nama, wanda ya jagoranci wani gradual rage a cikin caecum. Sai ya juya cikin wani rudiment, amma ba m. Da rawar a rike da mutum rigakafi da tsarin ne muhimmi isa. Shafi rike da asali Flora na ciwon, a matsayin wani incubator na E. coli. Mutane da appendectomy bayan cututtuka ne fiye da wuya a koma ga al'ada hanji microflora. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa appendix ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin irin gona domin kiwo na da amfani kwayoyin. Akwai zargin cewa da kau da appendix kara hadarin marurai na m yanayi.

Rudiments dabbobi

A wasu halittu masu rai kuma an ayyana yawa jami'an da suka yi hasãrar aiki a cikin dokokin na tarihi cin gaban kwayoyin da suke a kan hanyar zuwa nau'i nau'i. Wannan, misali, dake a cikin kauri daga cikin ƙasusuwansa da na ciki tsokoki a pythons da Whales, wanda su ne rudiments na Hind wata gabar jiki. Gabobi marasa aiki a dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a cikin duhu, idanu ne. Na flightless tsuntsaye ne rudimentary reshe kashi. Jikuna da dama da suka rasa su na asali ma'anar, da kuma a cikin shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, a kan rhizomes na Lily na kwari, alkama ciyawa, fern aka samu Sikeli, wanda su ne rudiments na ganye. Iyakar inflorescences Asteraceae karkashin wani gilashin ƙara girman siffar za a iya sauƙi gani abortive stamens. A staminate furanni kokwamba saura pestle, suna samuwa a tsakiyar tubercle - a matsayin rudiment. Wadannan su ne duk gwaji shaida na tarihi na ci gaba da gudanar da duniya.

atavism

Masana kimiyya sun ma ware bayyananen a wasu musamman siffofin da suke peculiar ga m kakanninku, amma ba ya nan a mafi kusa wakilan. Irin wannan manifestations ake kira atavism. A mafi hankula misalai daga gare - a caudal appendage, fitsari makogwaro ma furta fatar kan mutum, gaban ƙarin nau'i-nau'i daga mammary gland, da sauransu. Wadannan alamu an rasa a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta, sami matsayin rare togiya.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa rudiments na atavism da - ba m Concepts. Rudiments ne ba a dukkan mutane da wani jinsin, suka raba wasu siffofin. Atavism ake samu ne kawai a wasu mambobi, kuma kada ku kawo wani aiki. Su, ba zato ba tsammani, ba za a rikita batun tare da na cin gaba munanan, da daban-daban yanayi, kamar branched hakarkarinsa, kogon lebe, sabon abu na shida-toed da sauransu.

All samu da rudiments da atavism - da wata ãyã, m zuwa wani mataki na ci gaba da juyin itace. A bayyanannu wannan shi ne abin da gawawwakin da suka zama m ga kwayoyin za a iya kiyaye na dogon lokaci, za mu rage progressively rugujewa da kuma kara saboda maye gurbi.

A zamani ilmin halitta da kuma yanzu da mayar da hankali da binciken na genome halittu masu rai, ciki har da mutane. Data a kan asalin rudimentary gabobin zai taimaka wajen magance daya daga cikin matsi da tambayoyi game da abin da genes ko an kunna ana katange a ci gaba da kuma rage rudimentary gabobin.

"Gabobi marasa aiki" a fasahar

A ra'ayi alãma a alamance matsayin rayuwa sabon abu bace da kuma amfani a cikin art. Kamar yadda fasahar ci gaba, akwai wani sarari misalin tare da nazarin halittu juyin halitta. Akwai kuma sau da yawa kira da rudiments na sunadaran, inji, ko wasu na'urorin da cewa sun rasa ma'anar a yanzu mataki na ci gaba da wani tsarin, amma ya ci gaba da tsare for karfinsu da baya nagartacce. Misalai rudiments a kwamfuta fasahar samar da modem, a floppy faifai drive. A mota injiniya "gabobi marasa aiki" yake da ƙonewa kulle, a jirgin sama irin wannan misali ne na atomatik shugabanci manemin.