River kai. Sufuri ta kogin kai. Riverport

Ruwa (kogi) kai - wannan sufuri, wanda ya samar da sufuri da fasinjoji da kayayyaki ta tasoshin a kan waterways biyu na halitta da asalin (koguna, Lakes) da kuma wucin gadi (kududdufai, canals). Its main amfani ne low cost, yin shi da wani muhimmanci wuri a cikin tarayya sufuri tsarin kasar, duk da seasonality da low gudun.

Amfani ko rashin amfani

Rasha kogin kai taka muhimmiyar rawa a Inter-gundumar da ciki-gundumar kai na kasar mu. Its abũbuwan amfãni karya a cikin hanyoyi na halitta asalin, a cikin tsari wanda yana amfani da maras tsada fiye da domin gina hanyar jirgin kasa da karauka. sufurin kaya kudin a waterways ne m fiye da dogo. Amma aiki yawan aiki ne mafi girma da kashi 35.

Duk da haka, kogin sufuri da dama disadvantages - shi ne yanayi a cikin yanayi, a low motsi gudun, iyakance amfani, wanda da shi ne saboda sanyi da ruwa na cibiyar sadarwa. Bugu da kari, da manyan jijiya na kasar mu gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma daga kudu zuwa arewa, da kuma babban kaya gudana da latitudinal shugabanci.

babban hanyõyi,

Saboda gina cascades na hydroelectric kogin Volga kuma Kama juya zuwa zurfin-ruwa bututun. Interbasin dangane da Moscow-Volga, fadar White Sea-Baltic da kuma Volga-Baltic da kuma Volga-Don kuma Volga ne a yau da United zurfin ruwa tsarin, total tsawon - 6,3 kilomita dubu. Lokacin da wani kwari karuwa da ruwa m kai a gabashin ɓangare na Rasha shi ne har yanzu jagorantar matsayin da aka rike da Volga-Kama tasa. A ranar da kogin don fiye da hamsin da cent na sufuri da na fasinjoji da kaya. Babban wuri a cikin kwano ya dauki kai kogin kai na yi kayan (kashi 60 cikin dari). Su kai ne da za'ayi a duka kwatance, shi ne advantageously ciki hali.

Abin da ake hawa da waterways Rasha?

River kai a wadannan jijiyoyi da yafi kai katako, a cikinsa biyu da kwanonin da haihuwa, a kan wani katakon ninkaya, gami Hanyar. A cikin Volga Kama hawa Siberian gandun daji kuma tare da Volga-Baltic Waterway - gandun daji Vologda da Arkhangelsk yankuna, Karelia ga yankuna na Arewa Caucasus da Volga yankin. River kai a Moscow ne da hannu a cikin katako sufuri a kan wannan tashar a Moscow yankin da kuma Moscow. Ta hanyar da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Volga kuma Kama cikin Kuznetsk ci tasa hawa, sa'an nan shi yana hawa da waterways to ikon tashoshin. Bugu da kari, wani shahararren wuri ne da isar da gishiri - tare da Baskunchan gishiri pans up da Volga Volga tashoshin jiragen ruwa, da Urals, da Center, a Arewa-Maso-Yamma na sha'anin na kama kifi masana'antu da kuma don fitarwa. Bugu da kari, har da Volga aika da kayayyakin gona (melons) na Volgograd da Astrakhan yankuna, kifi daga Caspian Sea, kazalika da sinadaran da samfurori daga Volga yankin da Urals. A cikin duka kwatance, hawa mai kayayyakin da danyen mai, hatsi cargoes.

Babban kwatance

Rasha kogin kai ne musamman da kyau ci gaba a cikin Volga-Kama tasa, saboda Kama da aikin gandu - da Vyatka da Belaya - shi ne mai muhimmanci ga Urals dangantaka da Arewa maso yamma, da Center, da Volga yankin. A Kama saukar safararsu yafi hatsi, da katako, mai, da sinadaran dukiya, yi ma'adinai kayan. A baya shugabanci da aka isar da kwal, sumunti, itace. A babba Kama kaya da yawa kasa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, Volga-Don tashar taimaka karuwa kai na girma Volga. Godiya ga shi, daga cikin yankunan dab da Don, da Volga safarar hatsi, da kwal, melons, masana'antu kayayyakin da sauran kaya. A gaban shugabanci - sumunti, tama, itace, sinadaran da samfurori. Duk wannan daukawa kogin kai. Samara, kazalika da sauran birane a Middle Volga yankin, ne mai babbar mabukaci daga wadannan kaya. A babban rawa wajen ci gaban harkokin sufuri wasa a waterway connection tsakanin wannan tasa da kuma Arewa maso yammacin yankin, kazalika da da sauran jihohi na Baltic Sea ta cikin Volga-Baltic hanya. Therethrough apatite tattara aka hawa a kudancin shugabanci, tama, kayan gini, da itace, da kuma arewa - sinadaran lodi, hatsi, da kwal da man fetur da kayayyakin.

fasinja sufuri

A mayar da hankali da kuma babban fasinja gudana na Volga-Kama tasa. Wani kogi tashar za ta bayar da jama'a da dama na gida, sufuri, a birane, da kuma kewayen birni yankunan. Fasinja tasoshin ake amfani da yadu a cikin kungiyar na yawon shakatawa da kuma hutu. A mafi tsawo ne mai wucewa line daga Moscow zuwa Astrakhan, Perm, Rostov kuma Ufa. The most kogin tashar ne a cikin babban birnin kasar Rasha. A Volga-Vyatka tasa daga cikin mafi girma kogin tashoshin jiragen ruwa ne Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Moscow, Perm, Astrakhan, Kazan, Yaroslavl.

Arewa maso Yamma

Kogin ya dade aiki a matsayin wata tsakiyar kai sadarwa na Arewa-Western da kuma Northern tattalin arziki yankuna. A Turai na da babban waterways ga harkokin sufuri na kaya ne Arewa Dvina River da kuma ta aikin gandu da Sukhona Vychegda, Pechora, Mezen, da kuma arewa maso yamma - Svir, Neva da kuma fadar White Sea-Baltic Canal. A arewacin waterways gudanar da wani iko rafi na ma'adinai kayan gini, da mai, da katako, da kuma hatsi da kwal. A farko tashoshin jiragen ruwa ne Narjan Mar, Pechora, Mezen, Arkhangelsk, Kotlas.

Northwest pool kai southbound katako da Karafa daga Karelia, apatite tattara Kola Larabawa. A gaban shugabanci - masana'antu kayayyakin, hatsi, gishiri da kuma man fetur. A sufuri ma'ana daban-daban domin dukiya ne Volkhov, Petrozavodsk da St. Petersburg. Saboda haka, a Moscow da Upper Volga yankin shirya m fasinja line. To ci gaba a nan da kuma gida hanyoyi, wannan shi ne musamman m tare da karuwa a yawan high-gudun tasoshin.

wajen gabas

A gabas, Rasha da fari da al'amurran da suka shafi harkokin sufuri daukan Likitan mata-Irtysh tasa a Yammacin Siberia. River kai ne da gudummawar da ci gaban da man fetur da kuma iskar gas da albarkatun, kazalika da gandun daji. Daga cikin manyan kai transshipment nodes (Tobolsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk) a kan Irtysh kuma Likitan mata kawota kwal, hakowa kayan aiki da kuma bututu, yi kayan, abinci da kuma masana'antu kayayyakin a cikin yankunan da man fetur da kuma iskar gas filayen na Tyumen yankin. Bayarwa na kaya zuwa hinterland na nahiyar ne da za'ayi a Arewa Sea Route, bi da reloading a cikin bãkunansu na Taz, Pur da Obi a kan riverboats. Mafi yawa daga cikin zirga-zirga da dama a kan itacen da ke da rafts a cikin kogin tashar jiragen ruwa na Asino. To, shi ne hawa a kan jirãge a Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk. Fiye da kwata na ba a tare da Irtysh kuma Likitan mata sa kayan gini da ya zo daga kudancin yankunan da arewa, a cikin yankunan da masana'antar mai da gas. Har ila yau, babban muhimmanci yana da kogin sufuri a cikin harkokin sufuri na kaya hatsi, da gishiri, da kwal da man fetur da kayayyakin.

Obi, tare da tsoho tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Barnaul da Novosibirsk, da muhimmiyar rawar da ta taka, tashoshin jiragen ruwa da suka taso dangane da halittar masana'antu cibiyoyin - Surgut, Likitan mata, Labytnangi, Salekhard.

Angara da Yenisei

Yenisei River kai danganta kudancin Eastern Siberia da Arctic yankuna. Ga gandun daji sufuri isa kashi biyu daga uku na jimlar yawa daga cikin Yenisei. Bugu da kari, cikin kogin hawa hatsi, da man fetur, da kwal da kuma ma'adinai yi kayan. Upper Yenissei daga Minusinska zuwa Krasnoyarsk, halin da predominance wata dukiya daga ƙarƙashinsu nisa da tushe babban wuri ya mamaye hatsi.

Bakin Angara: nan ya zo da babban ɓangare na gandun daji, ya raba da ya kwarara daga dukiya a kan Yenisei. Babban bangare ne directed zuwa sama, da kuma bakin da su Dickson - nisa da tushe. Bugu da kari a gandun daji, wani muhimmin matsayi shagaltar da sufuri da gine da kayayyakin da ma'adinai kwal. Babban tashoshin jiragen ruwa ne Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Dudinka, Igarka, da kuma a kan Angara - Makarievo, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Ust-Ilim.

Lena da Amur

Lena shipping farawa daga Osetrovo tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma za'ayi zuwa kogin yankin Neja Delta. A nan, in ban da cikin gida da dukiya tsĩrar da dukiya wadda zo daga layin dogo - daga Tiksi Bay Sturgeon. Biyu daga uku na zirga-zirga har kwal da kuma kayan gini, da sauran - gandun daji, da kuma man fetur. Mafi yawansu ba su kasance daga sama zuwa kasa. Cargo ayyukan suna da za'ayi a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kirensk, sturgeon, Yakutsk, Vitim.

A Far East, a manyan kai muhimmancin da Amur da aikin gandu Zeya da Bureya. Babban lodi ne hatsi, gishiri, da karafa, da kwal, da na itace, da man fetur, da kuma kifi. Major tashoshin jiragen ruwa - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk. A cikin wadannan yankunan, saboda da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa na ƙasar sadarwa kogin kai yana da muhimmanci, kuma a cikin harkokin sufuri na daukar fasinjoji.

Sea kai

A manyan muhimmancin teku kai ne da shi na samar da wani muhimmanci ɓangare na Rasha ta waje cinikayya. Cabotage ne kawai da muhimmanci ga samar da kasar ke gabashin da kuma arewacin ƙasar. The yawa na dukiya ga Maritime kai ne takwas bisa dari. Wannan shi ne cimma a sakamakon nisan zirga-zirga - game 4.5 kilomita dubu. Sufuri na fasinjoji a Maritime kai ne negligible.

Matsaloli na Rasha ta Maritime kai

A duniya-fadi Maritime kai na kaya yawa ranked farko, a tsaye daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci-cost ba a kaya. A cikin Rasha Federation shi ne ci gaba ne gwada da rauni, shi ne saboda babban tattalin arziki cibiyoyin na kasar nĩsantarwa daga seaports. Bugu da kari, babban ɓangare na tekuna cewa kewaye da ƙasa na Rasha suna misãlin. Wannan muhimmanci ƙara da kudin yin amfani da wannan irin sufuri. Wata matsala ita da sosai m jiragen ruwa na kasar mu. Alal misali, teku, da kuma kogin kai a Rasha da aka gina a kan ashirin da shekaru da suka wuce, abin da ba m da} asashen duniya, irin jiragen ruwa kamata a tarwatsa. A cikin gida rundunar motoci kusan babu zamani iri tasoshin: m, ganga, gas, jirãge da a kwance loading-Ana saukewa da sauransu. Kafin ya shiga cikin Crimea, Rasha da aka sani kawai goma sha babbar seaports, amma shi ne bai isa ga irin wannan babban kasa. A sakamakon haka, game da rabi daga cikin kaya zuwa da teku, ya yi aiki da waje mashigai. Wadannan su ne yafi tsohon Tarayyar jamhuriyoyin: Ukraine (Odessa), Latvia (Ventspils), Estonia (Tallinn), Lithuania (Klaipeda). A amfani da teku kai shipping raka'a sauran kasashe da kuma inganta harkokin mafi girma kudi asarar. Idan Black Sea tashoshin jiragen ruwa da halin da ake ciki ne fiye ko žasa warware, a kan Baltic Sea Coast aka gina wani sabon tashar jiragen ruwa.