Ravensbrück: Taro sansanin mace

Ravensbrück (a taro sansanin) da aka tsara don mata. A sikelin an dauke da most taro sansanin da Nazis ga mace fursunoni. Domin duk lokacin da ta zama ta dauke game da 130.000 fursunonin. Wannan lambar ba karshe, kamar yadda da yawa da aka ba rajista a matsayin wani ɓangare na takardun da aka halaka ta mambobi ne na SS.

Har ila yau, ba shi yiwuwa su ƙidaya yawan matattu a Ravensbrück. Kira m Figures: daga 50 zuwa 92 da mutane dubu.

sansanin wuri

Located Ravensbrück (a taro sansanin) a cikin arewacin Jamus, 90 kilomita daga Berlin. Sunansa yana da alaka da kauye, wanda ya kusa da. A zahiri translation na Jamus sunan - "Magpie Bridge". Yau, da wannan yanki nasa ne da birnin Fürstenberg.

halittar

Ravensbrück ta fara zama tare da yanke shawara Genriha Gimmlera a 1938. a kan ta yi aiki da aka za'ayi fursunoni daga sauran sansani. By 1939, ya samu ta farko fursunoni. Sun kasance sũ ne 867 matan da suka ci gaba ta bazuwa.

Tun 1940, sansanin ya fara bayyana kamfanin:

• yadi da kuma fata masana'antu.
• electrotechnical damuwa "Siemens".
• soja da kuma masana'antu.

Ravensbrück da yawa subcamp, wanda aka located in daban-daban kwaminonin.

abõkan

Da farko, zango housed da wakilan Jamus, wanda hali da kuma hanyar rayuwa "kunyatar da al'umma." Daga cikin fursunonin sun aiki juriya mayakan, wakilan Shaidun Jehobah da kuma matan da suka nuna hali immorally.

A kan lokaci na Ravensbrück (a taro sansanin, wani photo na wanda aka gabatar a cikin littattafai) ya gani wakilan kasashe dabam (fiye da 40). Daga cikinsu akwai Jamusawa, a iyakacin duniya, Gypsy, Faransa, Yahudawa, Belgium, Romanians da sauransu. Ciki har da tsakanin mace fursunoni da kuma Soviet fursunonin yaki.

Bisa ga rajista jerin sansanin, akwai fiye da 132 dubu mata (ciki har da yara), 20 dubu maza.

A jerin wasu fursunoni mata:

• Dina Babbitt - Czech fenta kuma sculptor.
• Maya Berezovskaya - Yaren mutanen Poland artist.
• Pol Bernar - Faransa Red Cross m.
• Galina Birenbaum - wani Bayahude daga Poland, marubuci, mawãƙi ne.
• Zheneveva De Gaulle-Antonioz - Faransa, mai magana da yawun juriya motsi, da 'yar da shugaban kasar na biyar Jamhuriyar a Faransa.
• Zhyulett Greko - Faransa singer da actress.
• Maria Filomena Dolanskaya - Czech mace, wani malamin da wani Nun.
• Milena Jesenská - Czechoslovak jarida.
• Philippine Rothschild Sereys - Baroness, mai shi daga cikin shahararrun gonar inabi Château Mouton Rothschild.
• Vanda Yakubovskaya - Polish fim darektan.

Waɗannan su ne kawai 'yan sunayen na dubbai, to koyi cewa irin wannan mace taro sansanin Ravensbrück.

sansanin jadawalin

Nan da nan bisa isowa a sansanin duk mata sun guda hanyoyin, ba tare da la'akari da lokaci na shekara. Suka kwace tsirara a titi, yanke gashin kansu, daukana up duk sirri mallakarmu duka da takardun. Sai suka jira su bi da bi a cikin wanka, bayan da samu tufafi, da dakuna, Winkel da kuma rarraba a cikin barikin sojan.

All mata aka bai wa taguwar dress da katako silifa. A wannan garb, sai suka tafi a kowane weather. Ravensbrück, lãbãran abin da suke samuwa a cikin daban-daban memoirs, shi ne musamman baubawa. Mutane da yawa mace fursunoni aka tilasta tafiya m duk lokacin saboda ba frostbite extremities.

A sansanin da aka yi amfani da lambobin tsarin da Winkel. Fursunoni ba da sunayen, sun wanzu a karkashin lambobin da aka sewn zuwa dress. Sama da wannan ganewa code sanya triangular farantin, wanda aka kira Winkel. A cewar ta launi kayyade category:

• Red - mai juriya jirgin saman soja, a dan gidan fursuna.
• rawaya - Bayahude.
• Green - da aikata wannan laifi na laifi hali.
• Purple - Ubangiji shaida (Protestant).
• Black - Roma mace antisocial hali.

A tsakiyar Winkel sanya harafin, wanda ya nuna kabila.

Kowace rana mata tashi a hudu da safe, shi samun sa rabin kofin kofi canza da kuma sahu a kan titi don a yi kira, wanda dade 2-3 hours. Next suka tafi a kan jobs for 12-14 hours.

Aikin a lokacin da rana su iya samun wani rabin awa hutu, da kuma abincin rana a cikin nau'i na rabin lita na ruwa tare da dankalin turawa, peelings ko rutabaga. Ga waɗanda suka yi aiki da dare, da hutu da aka ba bayar.

Maraice rajistan shiga ne guda kamar yadda da safe. Bayan shi fursunoni ba 200 grams burodi gari, da sawdust da wannan kofi canza.

Fursunoni suna yarda aika e-wasiku, amma ba fiye da sau daya a wata, kuma a karkashin m katsalandan. A wata 'yar alamar, sãɓã wa jũnamai harafi ko katin gaisuwa aika ba a fitar.

Hanyoyin da kisan

Mutu a Ravensbrück ya, bisa ga daban-daban kimomi, daga 50 zuwa 92 da mutane dubu. Babban Sanadin mutuwa zama tamowa, naƙudarta, rashin tsabta, babban zagi.

Da zarar kowane mako biyu da ma'aikatan sansanin da aka zaba fursunoni suka yi ya halaka. Da farko, shi ya waɗanda suka kasance bã su iya aiki. Sun kashe harbe a kai. Mutu kowace rana har zuwa mutane 50.

Ga dangi na fursunoni aika zuwa Auschwitz da kuma sauran irin wannan sansani. Daga baya, a 1943, mata suka fara massively kashe a kan ƙasa na taro sansanin. A saboda wannan dalili, na mutuwa allura da kuma crematorium.

A shekarar 1944, Ravensbrück (a taro sansanin) ziyarci Himmler, wanda umurce su da su rabu da duk da haihuwa da kuma rauni fursunoni. Don wannan karshen, mun an gayyace zuwa "masana ga halaka" na Auschwitz, Birkenau.

Mata aka jarrabi for musamman farati da kuma waɗanda aka bai wa m katin da Latin haruffa "VV" ( "mutuwa sansanin, ya hallaka") da aka canjawa wuri zuwa Uckermark. Akwai su jira mutuwa a kansa, ko da yake na aikin takardun da suka kasance sunã hawa zuwa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar, located in Silesia. Da farko, da masu ruwan hoda katin aiwatar da wani harsashi a kai, amma tsari ne ma jinkirin, don haka aka yanke shawarar gina da gas da bẽnãye. Suka mutu for 2-3 minti kawai 150 mata.

likita gwaje-gwajen

Don gudanar na farko gwaje-gwajen a fursunoni a sansanin fara 01.08.1942. An tabbatar da cewa domin cikin dukan lokacin nan na Ravensbrück likita experimentation hõre 86 fursunoni mata.

Dalilin da farko gwaji da aka ƙayyade inganci na sabon kwayoyi domin lura da zurfin lacerations, ciki har da harbin bindiga. Mata da aka yi a kan na sama na cinya zurfin zuwa kashi, yanke da allura don Staphylococci tare da sauran iri kwayoyin. Wannan tsokani wani m bayyanar gangrene da tetanus.

Don rauni ya kama da wani harsashi, shi ne sau da yawa kara barbashi gilashi, itace da karfe. All ayyuka Kanmu, kazalika da abubuwan hankali rubuta. Akwai sun kasance 'yar alamar canji a jikin fursunoni - daga abin da ya faru zafin jiki zuwa mutuwa. A sakamakon wadannan karatu da aka gabatar a cikin rahoton a makarantar sojoji a 1943. Ravensbrück taro sansanin da kuma azabtarwa abin da ya faru ba duk fursuna, ya shahara ba wai kawai cewa.

Manufar na biyu gwajin da aka ƙayyade da yiwuwar dasawa da kashi nama. Don yin wannan, m mata da karye wata gabar jiki da kuma amfani da farar ƙasa. Don ganin gwaji tsari, Guinea yanke daga mai rai nama don bijirar da kashi. Wasu mata yanka lafiya reshe ko kafada da dauka da likitoci zuwa wani sansanin, inda suka sewed wadannan sassan jiki ga wasu.

Wannan shi ne kawai ɓangare na gwaje-gwajen. A mafi m gwaje-gwajen da aka kashe injections zuwa lafiya yara da kuma zubar da ciki a karshe trimester na fetal nan da nan incineration.

sansanin Tsaro

Kwamandan sansanin a daban-daban sau sun Tamashke Gunther, Maks Kegel, Fritz SUHNER. A ma'aikatan sun ba kawai maza, amma kuma fiye da 150 mata. Ta hanyar da horo shi ya dauki game da 4 dubu tunda ungozuman. Sun ayan zama ɓarna, m kuma penchant ga sadism.

"Mutuwa Maris"

A lokacin da mãsu bãyar da bãya na Jamus sojojin da fitarwa daga sansanin. 27/04/1945 fursunoni aka kore zuwa yamma. Adadin su ya kai fiye da mutane miliyan 20, game da miliyan 3 da aka watsar a cikin wani taro sansanin.

Bayan kwana biyu, da SS gadi bar fursunoni kulle a cikin barikin Malchow, kuma da safe suka saki, da Red Army.

saki fursunoni

A ranar saki yana dauke 30.4.1945, a lokacin da sojojin na da 2nd Byelorussian Front aka ceto fursuna. A 'yan kwanaki baya Ravensbruck (taro sansanin), tunanin da wanda ba zai bace a cikin ƙarni, da aka cika da likitoci, waɗanda suka yi halitta ta wucin gadi asibiti.

Har 1993 da ƙasa na Soviet sojojin amfani da wani jeri na da sassa.

Gwaji na yaki laifi

A farko gwaji na zangon ma'aikata ya faru a cikin shekaru 1946-1948. A sakamakon haka shi da 16 mutuwa sentences.

Wasu ma'aikata SS gudu zuwa Amurka, amma ko da bayan shekaru da dama da suka kasance sunã lasafta, ya tura su fuskanci shari'a a Jamus. Mutanen da suka farauta da Nazis da zunubansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na SS, zama da aka sani da "Nazi mafarauci".

A tarihi memory na daga cikin fursunonin sansanin

A 1959, da gudun hijirar gwamnati ya tsawata wa da ƙasa a cikin abin da Ravensbrück (a taro sansanin) aka located, halitta a National Memorial "Ravensbrück". Wadannan da aka bar matsayin asali abubuwa:

• Kwamandan;
• crematorium.
• gina tare da kyamarori;
• karkashin kasa da hanya abu da lake.
• ɓaɓɓake daga bangon daga cikin sansanin.

A tsakiyar kashi a tafkin ya stele "Carrier", tsara ta Villa Lammert. Saboda haka Ravensbrück (a taro sansanin), inda wani abin tunawa da aka gina a Jamus, domin da yawa ya zama wata alama ce ga duk wasu batattun sifofi cin zarafin bil'adama.

A shekarar 1996 ya fito da wani shirin gaskiya fim, wanda aka yi hira da biyar tsohon mace fursunoni daga kasashe daban-daban - Austria, Italy, Netherlands, Rasha. Darakta da screenwriter Dutch karfe Annette Van Barneveld da Annemarie Streybos. Yana kira da zane "The baya ne."

A shekarar 2005 ya zo cikin halittar darektan na tarayyar Jamus Lorett Valts, wanda ya tattara wata hira da tsohon fursunoni shekaru 25. A shirin kunshi labaru na fiye da 200 mace fursunoni da ake kira "Women Ravensbrueck."

Ravensbrück (The yakin duniya na biyu 1939-1945) dade shekaru shida, inda suka kashe dubban mata da yara wanda ba ya so wannan yaki.