Mene ne tsakiyar zamanai, abin da irin zamanin? Middle Ages: da definition, lokacin da iyaka da kuma periodization

"Tsakiyar zamanai" - wani lokaci buga yawa lokaci daga baya, da suka nuna. aka asali gabatar, don ƙayyade lokacin da m ban a kan duk da cewa an hade tare da tsufa. Wannan shi ne lokacin da suka biyo bayan rikicin da kasashen yammacin Roman Empire, da kuma dade har zuwa farkon na Renaissance, a lokacin da amfani a zamanin d Roma da kuma Girka ya barke tare da sabunta kuzari.

Lokaci Frames bambanta

An iyakance zuwa kimanin VI da kuma XVI ƙarni, kuma wannan karni da ake kira tsakiyar zamanai. Amma, ba shakka, ainihin timeframe na tsakiyar zamanai sun ba da aka kafa. Ra'ayin sosai. Yana kira da ƙarshen XVII karni, saboda bayan faduwar da Konstantinoful a shekara to 1453 sun (daya daga cikin iyakokin na tsakiyar zamanai karshen), tare da kananan karya sun daya bayan wani alama taron, bada karin 'yanci ga' yan adam. Kuma kowane daga cikinsu da wasu gungun masana tarihi ne ranar karshen da "duhu sau", ko da yake wannan lokaci ne mafi dace a game da Early da kuma tsakiyar zamanai. By milestone kwanakin hada da aka gano Amirka da (1492) da kuma farkon canji (da yaki da cin zarafin da cocin Katolika), danganawa 1517. Wannan ya biyo ta Turanci juyin juya hali, ƙarshen shekara talatin 'War, da zaman lafiya na Westphalia da daidaita hakkoki na Katolika da Furotesta. Kuma kowanne daga wadannan banrazana events a Turai da ake gani a matsayin yiwu modievistami karshe timeframe na tsakiyar zamanai.

Schools - daban-daban ra'ayoyi

Wakilai modievistiki karatu yafi tarihin Turai tsakiyar zamanai, da kuma bayan irin wannan abubuwan da suka faru ya faru a Rasha, da kuma kara, a Asiya, Afrika, a cikin bude kawai America. Daga cikin masana kimiyya akwai magoya bayan na dogon tsakiyar zamanai. A cikin theories su ne bisa mafi cikakken bayanai a kan m canje-canje a duk yadudduka gaba daya al'ummar dan Adam. A farkon zamani sau da suka gani farkon na Faransa juyin juya halin. Babu yarjejeniya game da farkon wannan lokaci lokaci. A cikin "History of Mankind" - Encyclopedic UNESCO edition - iyakar tsakanin tsoho duniya da kuma tsakiyar zamanai an haɗa da lokacin da isowar Islama. Babu shakka, kowane masanin kimiyya na da hakkin ya da ra'ayi.

A vastness na ra'ayi

To, abin da yake da "tsakiyar zamanai"? Shi ne, ta ma'aunansa na tarihin 'yan adam, in mun gwada gajeren lokaci, wanda ya hada da wani yawa. Bambance bambancen matakai na raya kasa na al'umma, akwai sabon addini da kuma kasar, ya bude da nahiyoyi da aka haife kuma m masana kimiyya, canza ra'ayinmu game da duniya da kuma kimiyya a general, akwai wani "babban hijirarsa na mutane." Babu shakka, irin wannan multifaceted ra'ayi dole ne a kyan gani, a daban-daban jirage. Saboda, da gaske, ba yadda za aikata kisan-kiyashi Inquisition gilla suppressed shi ko da ambato na sãɓã ba, karshen wannan lokaci ya kamata a yi la'akari da matsayin adalci ga wakilan daban-daban addinai, ba bayyanar da Masterpieces na Renaissance baiwa.

Twins

Mene ne tsakiyar zamanai? A takaice, shi sauti kamar - wani lokaci na tarihi da ci gaban jama'a tsakanin tsufa (tsoho duniya) da kuma New lokaci. Wani abu, inda tsufa iyakar kuma New sau fara. Kowane labari na tarihi mataki na da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsarin: tsufa - bautar, na da - mulkin gargajiya, ta zamani, sau - da jari hujja. A lokacin da firam na tsakiyar zamanai a Turai, da kuma ba kawai ta zo daidai da feudalism gaba daya, kuma a nan, misali, a Rasha, ya rage sun hallaka a Oktoba 1917. A wasu ƙasashe, da saura effects na feudalism ba a shawo kan har yanzu. Kuma game da Turai, ra'ayin da aka sãɓã wa jũna a bincike. An jãyayya da cewa na dogon lokaci, na da jama'a da yawa tsarin, da kuma a cikin dukkan duniyoyin. Babu shakka, shi gaskiya ne, saboda babu wani canji na tawagar tsarin faruwa.

Ana zargin manufar

A na kowa version ne cewa fitowan, dominance da kuma fadada feudalism - shi ne zamanin da tsakiyar zamanai. Kuma ajalin kanta aka gabatar da Italian tausaya wajama'a (misali, Flavio Biondo), wanda directed wata babbar ƙoƙari domin Tarurrukan na gargajiya Latin. Sun kaddamarda da lokaci kafin su lokaci da kuma raba su daga girmamawa tsufa, yankin jumlar matsakaici aevum, kara kamar "iu su aeuim", wanda yake nufin "magidanci". Duk yadda short shekaru na talakawan lokaci a kwatanta da zama, a tarihin duniya, da daban-daban lokaci na da rarrabe siffofin sun muhimmi, sabili da haka akwai wani periodization na tsakiyar zamanai.

da bukatar periodization

Yana da wani 12-division wadanda mutane tarihi dominance na kashi uku main lokaci. Yana nufin na farko, mikewa daga karshen karni zuwa tsakiyar V XI, da kuma shi ne ake kira farkon na da. Classic, ko da High tsakiyar zamanai, zo nan da nan bayan da suka gabata mataki (XI karni) da kuma gama a XIV karni. Daga baya, qarasa tsakiyar zamanai, shi ne kuma ake kira da Early New lokaci. Ya lokaci - XIV-XVI ƙarni. A historiography na XX karni ya canza sosai a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Faransa makaranta, kafa a kusa da mujallar "Annals," a wanda girmamawa da kuma aka mai suna. Su ra'ayin "da dogon tsakiyar zamanai." Aka kaddamar

Halayyar fasali na Early tsakiyar zamanai

A farkon tsakiyar zamanai yi daidai da wani gagarumin fadada daga cikin yanki a cikinsa yammacin Turai wayewa taso. A halayyar alama na farkon tsakiyar zamanai ne da samuwar jihohin a kan ƙasa na Burtaniya, Faransa, Saxony, Rasha. A wannan lokacin, wanda yana game 5 ƙarni, akwai wani "babban sake ma su matsugunni da mutane", wanda dogara ne a kan mamayewa na Huns daga Asia, Gabashin Turai, wanda ya periphery na Yammacin Roman Empire. Potesnenny Huns al'ummai koma yafi a Gaul, Spain, Italiya da kuma Dacia. Wata sifa ta wannan tarihi lokaci ne miƙa mulki daga kafirci zuwa Kristanci, shan wuri a karkashin laimar Roman Katolika, wanda rawa a wannan lokaci lokaci ne da wuya a overestimate.

Frankish Empire

The Middle Ages - shi ne dominance na coci. Da shi shi ne ainihin yammacin duniya, ta zangar da mutanen da ke kewaye da kanta, kuma shi ma ya cibiyar al'adu. Aza da sabon dangantakar da samar - akwai feudalism, wanda dogara ne a kan dominance na manyan komai a fili. Ba za mu iya ce game da asalin jihar a cikin wannan lokaci francs, wanda yake mulkin Carolingian daular, wanda, wakilin Karl Veliky, kenan da ƙasa, gabatowa a size zuwa yankin shagaltar da ta Western Roman Empire. Ajiye wannan daular da kuma kasa. Domin da Early tsakiyar zamanai a general ne halin da canzawa daga kan iyakokin tasowa ta Amirka. Duk abin da yake a cikin tsari na ilimi da kuma samuwar. Fara inganta wasu wallafe-wallafen shugabanci - Early tsakiyar zamanai ya zinariya lokaci domin zargin da jaruntakar almara. A general, "tsakiyar zamanai" - a "Lay" da kuma Faransanci "Song of Roland", Spanish "The waka na cid" da kuma Jamus "Song na Nibelungs." Saboda haka da sau kasance cikakken ba "duhu."

Wars, kuma tawayen a matsayin Motors na ci gaba

A sosai sunan na gaba lokaci - "high", "classic", "girma" Middle Ages - ya ce a cikin wannan lokaci ya ƙare a cikinta (da haka mafi m) duk fara a baya lokacin. A karshe kafa mulkin gargajiya dangantakar, don ƙarfafa tsakiyar iko, ta samar da wata aji-wakilin daular mulkinsu (a lokacin da wakilan daban-daban azuzuwan halarci Shirin zanen na dokokin). Wannan zamanin sai dai kawai ta muhimmi dabiu - an fara fito fili majalisu da jam'iyyun siyasa. Ba kare wannan lokaci, gefe da kuma jini feuds. Wanne kashe kwata na kasar dynastic wars na Wardi, a lokacin da wani ɓangare na yawan jama'ar, da aminci mambobi ne na danginsu Plantagenet, Lancaster, kashe magoya bayan York, cewa shi ne, Birtaniya halakar da Birtaniya. Wani rarrabe wannan lokaci ne baƙauye yunkuri, kamar Dzhona Bolla da Wat Tyler a Ingila.

na da gine-gine da dukiyar

Mene ne tsakiyar zamanai? Wannan shi ne babban gine-gine, wanda kunshi da hudu styles - "Carolingian Renaissance" (mai suna bayan da mulki daular na Frankish mulki), Ottonian Art (a madadin wakilin Saxon daular na Otto I), Romanesque da Gothic styles. A heyday na karshen, wanda ya samo asali a Faransa a XII karni, kawai zo a cikin marigayi tsakiyar zamanai. Fadin Turai, a warwatse ban mamaki misalai na gine-gine styles. A "gothic" - a general beautification na Turai, ta kasuwanci da katin. Cologne Cathedral (1248-1437), Notre Dame-de Paris (1163-1437), Gothic majami'u da kuma Cathedrals Prague - da za a iya kwatanta su da wannan unfathomable kyakkyawa. Su ba a kalla baya zuwa Masterpieces na Renaissance.

Munin da Dark Ages

Mene ne tsakiyar zamanai? Wannan babbar yunwa, cutar AIDS annoba, ko Black Mutuwa, cewa Inquisition, da na jini Jihadi da kuma Jacquerie - manyan antifeudal yunkuri na Faransa manoman (Zhakov-suckers) a 1358. Duk da haka, da daga baya tsakiyar zamanai, kuma shi ne ma ya kira da Early New lokaci, cewa shi ne, ya fara wani m girma a duk yankuna - girma karfi birni, ɓullo crafts, jariri yi, cinikayya tsiwirwirinsu lokacinta. Akwai babbar canje-canje a cikin zaman jama'a da al'adu, kimiyya da kuma rayuwar siyasa na Turai. Yana da yake a ƙi papacy - ainihin tsakiyar zamanai. Canza tsarin samar mini ne unknown size da kuma ikon da tawayen da ƙananan strata na yawan - Dutch tawaye da kuma Great baƙauye War a Jamus.

A gargajiya fahimtar

A zamaninmu, da periodization na tsakiyar zamanai, aka ƙaddara shan la'akari da specificities na kowace kasa, amma kuma da amincewa da gaskiyar cewa a daya nau'i ko wata da wannan tarihi tsari ne ga kowa da kowa jihohin duniya. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa babu wani takamaiman lokaci firam. XVII karni - a lokacin da mulkin gargajiya dangantakar suna zama rabu amfani, da kuma fara haihuwa na tsarin jari-hujja.

Amma shi ya masĩfa zo a kan XV karni - yunwa, m cututtuka, da kisan-kiyashi da Inquisition, haifar da wata damuwa hoto, kamar yadda idan fentin da Ieronima Boskha, kuma suna hade da tsakiyar zamanai. Saboda haka, mafi sau da yawa a karkashin definition of tsakiyar zamanai, fall ba manyan ayyukan adabi da kuma gine-gine, mai binciken, da kuma gobara, wanda ya kone Litattafansu, ciki har da Giordano Bruno, da ban tsoro fari mask tare da dogon baki, wanda ya tafi zuwa ga likitoci a kan datti tituna annoba birane. Duk da yake Turawa sun ba tukuna wanke. Saboda haka, dogon lokaci "na da" ne synonymous da irin wannan manufar 'mai yawa "," koma-baya "," zira kwallaye. "