Rasha dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama, da kuma ta tarihi

A little kan shẽkara ɗari da suka wuce, Nicholas II izini halittar wani rundujar soja masu dawaki da jirgin sama, "Ilya Muromets". An sa'an nan haife dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin kasar. Game da babbar turakun a cikin tarihi ba za ka karanta a cikin wannan abu.

Amma da farko, ya kamata mu biya haraji ga mutanen da suke a kai da wannan reshe. Da suke shugabannin dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama? Bari mu lissafa su:

• PV Androsov.
• AE Golovanov.
• P. S. Deynekin.
• AD Zhiharev.
• IM Kalugin.
• AA Novikov, wanda daga baya ya zama wani marshal.
• M. M. Oparin.
• B. Reshetnikov.

Wadannan kwamandoji sun yi yawa don inganta harkokin tsaro na kasar mu.

"Ilya Muromets": yadda shi duka ya fara

A karshen shekara ta 1914 da mafi umurnin da aka halitta rundujar soja masu dawaki "Muromtsev" karkashin jagorancin Mihail Shidlovsky an tashe shi. A karo na farko a duniya akwai irin wannan babban fili na hudu-engine kai harin da kuma dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama, da aka haife kamar yadda irin wannan. A gaskiya, da "kakan" na farko ya tsaya a kan reshe mafi Disamba 23, 1913.

"Muromets", wanda aka fi sani da C-22, halitta almara Sikorsky factory Russo-Balt. Domin ta lokaci, shi ya kasance wani m inji cewa Motors iya da kyau ya dauke a cikin iska kamar yadda biyar ton na taro. A jirgin sama da kawai biyu gun dandamali, wanda ga waɗanda sau shi ma yankan-baki fasaha.

Saka hannu cikin yakin duniya na

Oddly isa, rundujar soja masu dawaki na wadannan jirgin sama da aka sanye take da wani lafiya, wanda a wancan shekara ya mai dadi banda ga Rasha sojojin. A cikin shekaru hudu daga shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1918, da jirgin sama kammala fiye da ɗari huɗu da sorties. Asarar da zambar kawai daya jirgin sama.

By 1917, Sikorski gaske wani sabon version aka halitta, "irin F". Total da tsare-tsaren da za a gina up to 120 da jirgin sama, amma sai ya zo da juyin juya halin. Na motoci kone, saboda haka ba su fada cikin German hannuwanku, kuma sauran don wani lokaci amfani da koyarwa da kuma motocin.

A zamanin kirar Tupolev

Amma wannan shi ne kawai farkon. Don a qualitatively sabon matakin na dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama, da Tarayyar Soviet ya zo a lokacin da jirgin sama tarin fuka-3 da aka halitta. A lura da zayyana KB Andrei kirar Tupolev. inji ci gaban da aka fara a 1926. Cikin shekaru biyar, ba kawai manyan-sikelin samar ya riga ya qaddamar, amma kuma siffata da jikin nauyi kai harin da cewa ga wadanda shekaru dã ya kasance iya tsammani ba a kowace ƙasa na duniya.

A cikin wannan jirgin sama da 1934 da tarin fuka-4 da aka halitta wanda ya zauna a cikin tarihi karkashin sunan "Maxim Gorky". Shi ne mai inji na fadi profile, wanda za a iya amfani da kusan dukkanin dalilai.

A farko jirgin da ya faru a 1934, shi ne a kwalkwali na Mikhail Gromov. Wannan na'ura ta kafa biyu duniya records: don ya dauke lodi na goma da goma sha biyar ton zuwa tsawo na biyar kilomita. Shi ne "m" tafo almara marubuci Antuan De Saint-Exupery. Amma da shekaru na jirgin sama ya short-rayu, kamar yadda gano sabon flaws kuma shortcomings a zane. Amma tarihin dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama, ya ci gaba.

New kewayon records

Tuni a cikin shekara ta 1932, wannan kirar Tupolev ɓullo da wani tushen sabon jirgin sama tare da duk-karfe fuselage, da tururuwa-25. The mota ya yi kyau kwarai, shi ne ta fi kyau matukan jirgin, wadanda shekaru sun kafa da dama duniya records. Saboda haka, Chkalov ya tashi a gare shi, daga Moscow zuwa Far East, rufe a nesa na 9375 kilomita. Yuni 18, 1937 duk da wannan Chkalov umarci matukan jirgin da ya yi da jirgin zuwa Amurka.

Kamar wata daya - wani sabon rikodin. Ko da yake wannan lokaci, Soviet matukan jirgin sun koma zuwa Amurka, amma matuƙar burin da aka California, ba Washington. A wannan tafiya da nake dukan tsiya kawai biyu (!) World records. Da farko, da tawagar ta rinjãya 10 148 kilomita a cikin wani madaidaiciya line, kuma ya iya tashi 11.500 kilomita, yana tafiya a kan karye layi da shoreline.

A almara Ilyushin

A shekara ta 1933, jagorancin matasa kasa yanke shawarar tattara dukan alamar jirgin sama zanen kaya a wuri guda, kamar yadda matsananciyar bukata wani sabon dogon zangon da jirgin sama, sanye take da mafi kyau, mafi alamar inji. Kamar haka aka haife sanannen CDB, wanda ya tsaya a kai na Sergei Ilyushin. Kamar shekaru biyu daga baya ya yi niyyar tawagar Halicci sabon dogon zangon m DB-3. Ya shafe dogon tasowa gwajin matukin Vladimir Kokkinaki. Tuni a shekarar 1936, da jirgin sama ya fara zo en sun mayar da Soviet sojojin.

An inganta model na wannan mota, abin da ya bayyana bayan shekaru biyu, da aka mai suna Il-4. Ya samu iko injuna da kuma sabon makamai. Kafin yakin, a tsakiyar 1940, DB-3 da aka cire daga na'ura, da kuma ta wurin da aka dauka da Il-4. Total kasa samar 1528 motoci DB-3 iyali, wanda ya halarci duka biyu da Finnish da Great Patriotic War.

A farko Soviet hari ma da aka tsara Ilyushin. Ya Il-2 ya kawo daraja ga wannan constructor. Yau almara Il-76 shi ne babban soja kai jirgin sama na kasar mu, ya cancanci ci gaba da aiki na kakansa.

The Great Patriotic War, rawar da jirgin sama

Riga 22 Yuni 1941 zangon da jirgin sama ya fara gudanar da farko fama manufa. Kuma a kan rana ta biyu na yaki (!), Sun sa "ziyara" Nazis bamai da Danzig, Konigsberg, kazalika da wasu birane a Poland da kuma Hungary.

Basic inji kasance: Pe-8, PI-3, il-4 da kuma PE-2. Kashin bayan dogon zangon-iska shugabanci aka bayyana a sama shine Il-4. A duk shekara na yaki da suka yi dubban sorties, kammala wani m yawan ayyuka. Ba dole ne a ce cewa dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama, a lokaci na "haifa" mai yawa Soviet heroes. Total 269 farjõjinsu kuma jami'an sun samu wannan daraja, da kuma shida sun samu shi sau biyu.

Amma farashin ya high: bayan yakin duniya na biyu airmen zauna kusan "a kan wake ', ya rasa mafi yawan jirgin sama rundunar motoci. Kuma shi ke an ba kawai a gwada yawa sharuddan: 1,800 da jirgin sama, fiye ko žasa da zamani, dace da warware matsaloli muhimmanci na kawai game da uku dozin motoci zauna. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa shawarar da aka sanya don kwafe wani American B-29, sanya a kan tushen da sabon jirgin sama.

Tuni a shekarar 1947 aka kaddamar da samar da Tu-4 nauyi. A wani lokaci wata babbar aiki da nufin adapting jirgin sama a karkashin m yanayi da kuma makamai, da zanen gudanar da muhimmanci inganta AMINCI na inji da aka yi. A shekarar 1951, wadannan jiragen sama ya zama na farko cikin gida dako na makaman nukiliya.

A post-yaki aiki

A cikin tsakiyar 1950s, sabon zangon da jirgin sama, qaddara da ci gaban da tattalin arziki na shekaru masu zuwa. Sai a wannan lokaci da aka ɓullo da kuma samu izini almara Tu-95 "Bear", wanda har yanzu tsaye a kan tsaro Lines na kasar mu, kazalika da wasu sauran inji.

Saboda haka, Tu-16, wanda aka wa lakabi da "Badger" shi ne na farko monoplane tare da share fuka-fuki. A farko inji aka taru a 1953. Ta ƙungiya ne shida ko fiye mutane. Babban makami don kare kai ya zama hanci atomatik gun PU-88 da kuma uku gun turrets, sarrafawa mugun. Daga bisani, da jirgin saman da aka bakwai AM-23 da bindigogi, ya zamo kamar abin da yake a 23 millimeters.

"Badgers" da kuma dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama, matukan jirgi ya dauki wani aiki sashi a cikin "Shida Day War" na 1967, kusan duk sauran na Larabawa da Isra'ila da rikici a lokacin da gudanar da su shiga a cikin Afghanistan yaƙin neman zaɓe.

Tu-95, Rasha "Bear"

Na gwada wannan monumental jirgin sama a shekara ta 1952. Wannan duk-karfe sredneplan da hudu turboprop injuna, wanda aka shigar kai tsaye a share fuka-fuki. Ya "haskaka" na kawai guda kuma suna da Motors NK-12, wanda har yanzu zama mafi kyau turboprop injuna a cikin aji.

A jirgin sama zai iya kawo wani goma sha biyu ton bam load. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin bam bay za a iya saka bama-bamai da yin la'akari har zuwa goma tons. A 2010, suka kafa wani sabon rikodin: 43 hours kai harin tashi 30,000 kilomita. A peculiarity wannan taron ne ma cewa ta gudanarwa amfani na al'ada da samar da inji. Saboda haka cewa Rasha dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama, ko da turboprop yi har yanzu wakiltar wani karaya da karfi.

m ZM

Wannan inji aka sanya a 1956-1960 shekaru. jirgin sama fasalin ya latest makamai tsarin "kashin" wanda shi ne na musamman D-5 makami mai linzami, wanda zai iya amincewa ya buga duka biyu marine da ƙasar-tushen hari. Its jirgin nesa ya duka 280 kilomita, da kuma gudun kasance sama da gudu daga sauti sau uku. Ya kamata a lura da cewa wadannan makami mai linzami ya dade kafa kashin bayan Strategic Air umurnin a Far East.

Yau, masu dogon zango jirgin sama na Rasha Federation wakilta dama inji, ciki har da Tu-95 da kuma Tu-160, amma "haihuwa" ZM aka yi ritaya kwanan nan. M bayanai game da ko akwai a halin yanzu jirage na wannan iyali, wanda za a iya samu a cikin iska, babu.

Cold War kuma dogon zangon-zirgar jiragen sama,

Bayan Jamus aka ci, da Sphere da tasiri a duniya an redrawn daga karce. NATO da kuma alliance kafa Warsaw yarjejeniya kasashe, wanda ba ciyar da juna musamman soyayya. Yau, masana tarihi da kuma soja da kansu imani da cewa kawai wata mu'ujiza a lokacin ba a fara yakin duniya III.

Ba abin mamaki cewa a cikin wadannan shekaru ya dabarun jirgin sama ya daya daga cikin su tabbatar da zaman lafiya a duniya, da goyon bayan da kasar ta nukiliya garkuwa sansanin soja. Up har 1961 da jirgin sama su ne mafi muhimmanci wajen haihuwa nukiliya ragargaza ga m abokin gaba. Af, da umurninSa, jirgin ya tsaya a kai na farko Soviet makami mai linzami division.

Canza shugabanci na ci gaban

Bayan da yaki ya bayyana cewa shi ne lokacin da matsawa daga zamanin d turboprop jirgin sama zuwa jet injuna. A ka'ida, da farko jet Il-28 ta bayyana a cikin nisa karshen 1940. Hakika, wannan jirgin sama ya a wasu hanyoyi da wani nasara, amma kuma a kan zane ake bukata mai yawa aiki.

Saboda haka, a farkon shekarar 1970 (a kan tushen da mun gwada tsohon TU-22) da sabon makami mai linzami da aka halitta K-22. Bugu da kari, akwai wasu juyi na wannan jirgin sama. Muna magana ne game da inji Tu-22M2 kuma Tu-22M3. Suna halin da cewa a cikin zane da kuma samar da sababbin harkokin fasaha da kayan da aka yi amfani da manyan yawa, wanda ya zuwa yau, iyalinsu samu aikace-aikace kawai a cikin sarari shirin.

A karshe shi ne lokacin da kyau "White Swan", da Tu-160. Ya zama daya daga cikin alamu na duka Cold War. A da duniya ta farko jirgin sama na wannan size tare da m reshe lissafi, a yi abin da dubban m fasaha mafita aka yi amfani da, da yawa daga waxanda suke da musamman zuwa wannan rana. A impetus ga ganin na da bukatar ci gaba da wani abu kamar wannan zama m, wanda ya ruwaito a cikin farkon halittar da jirgin sama B-1.

A farko "White Swan" ya tashi daga Airfield "Ramenskoye". Haka ya faru a karshen Disamba 1981. A shekarar 1984, da Kazan jirgin sama shuka fara taro samar na musamman inji.

A tsakiyar 2003, wadannan jiragen sama tashi a kan tekun Indiya, tsallaka da sararin samaniyar na kasashe da dama. Har sai wannan lokacin, m Rasha jirgin sama (photo da yake a cikin labarin) flights a tsawon ba yi bisa manufa. Karshe Satumba, biyu Tu-160 ya tashi zuwa Venezuela, karfafa da m dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu.

Za mu iya ce tare da amincewa da cewa ci gaban da Strategic Air umurnin - da key zuwa kasar mu da statehood da kuma tsaro a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.