Petroleum refining, makarantun firamare da sakandare aiki na man fetur

The man fetur da aka fractionated to samu man fetur a matakai biyu, Ina nufin man fetur barasan wuce ta farko da sakandare aiki.

A tsari na primary refining

A wannan mataki, wani barasan aka yi kafin dehydration da desalting na danyen man fetur a kan musamman kayan aiki ga rabuwa na salts da sauran impurities, wanda zai iya sa lalata da na'ura da kuma rage ingancin man fetur kayayyakin. Bayan nan, da mai dauke da kawai 3-4 MG gishiri da lita kuma ba fiye da 0.1% ruwa. A shirye samfurin na shirye barasan.

Saboda gaskiya cewa ruwa hydrocarbons ruwan a wani daban-daban zazzabi, wannan dukiya da ake amfani a man fetur refining ware gare mutum kasarun adadi tare da daban-daban tafasar bulan. Barasan na man matatun mai a farko sanya shi yiwuwa a rarrabe da wadannan kasarun adadi bisa ga zazzabi: fetur (tafasa a 180 ° C da ke ƙasa), jet man fetur (tafasa a 180-240 ° C) da kuma dizal (tafasa a 240-350 ° C). Daga cikin barasan na man fetur da man da ya rage.

A tsari mai aka rabu da barasan ruwan zafi a cikin kasarun adadi (aka gyara). A sakamakon haka ne kayayyaki man fetur kayayyakin ko su gyara. Mai refining ne farko na ta aiki a musamman shuke-shuke.

Lokacin da mai tsanani, da tururi lokaci ne kafa, da abun da ke ciki na wanda shi ne daban-daban daga cikin ruwa. Petroleum kasarun adadi samu ta hanyar barasan ne kullum ba su da tsarki samfurin da hydrocarbon cakuda. Mutane daya-daya hydrocarbons za a iya bambanta kawai da mahara barasan man fetur kasarun adadi.

Mike barasan na danyen mai ne da za'ayi

- flash danshin Hanyar (abin da ake kira ma'auni barasan) ko sauki barasan (fractional barasan).

- tare da ko ba tare da kyautatuwar al'amuran.

- yin amfani da evaporating wakili.

- a karkashin injin da kuma a yanayi matsa lamba.

Ma'auni barasan kasa fili raba man a cikin kasarun adadi fiye da sauki barasan. Kamar wancan ne a cikin tururi jihar a wannan zafin jiki a cikin farko idan ta motsa more man fetur fiye da a karo na biyu.

Fractional barasan na man ba da yiwuwar samun daban-daban habaka (fetur, da man dizal da kuma jet man fetur), da kuma albarkatun kasa (benzene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, ethylene, butadiene, propylene), mai kaushi, da kuma sauran kayayyakin.

Next aka yi a sakandare mai barasan kayayyakin samu riga daga abin da ake kira fatattaka.

A tsari na sakandare refining

Secondary mai refining ne da za'ayi da wani sinadaran ko thermal catalytic tsakiyan nonon da samfurin cewa rabu da shi ta farko mai barasan. Wannan da ake samu a mafi adadin fetur kasarun adadi, kazalika da albarkatun kasa domin samar da aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, benzene, da sauransu). Mafi na kowa dabara shi ne na biyu refining na man fatattaka.

Fatattaka tsari shine ake kira high-zazzabi aiki na man fetur da kuma ruwan dare kasarun adadi kafin su sami (mafi yawa) kayayyakin inda karami kwayoyin nauyi. Wadannan sun hada da mota mai, man lubrication kuma m. P., Raw Materials for da petrochemical da kuma sinadaran masana'antu. A ci gaba da fatattaka faruwa tare da hutu C-C shaidu da kuma samuwar free radicals ko carbanions. Katsewa na C-C shaidu da aka yi lokaci guda tare da dehydrogenation, isomerization, Polymerization kuma sandaro na tsaka-tsakin da kuma fara kayan. A karshen biyu matakai ta samar da wata fashe saura, Ina nufin sulusi da murabba'i ruwan sama 350 ° C da coke.

Mai refining fatattaka Hanyar aka jadadda mallaka a 1891 by V. G. Shuhovym da Gavrilov S., to, wadannan injiniya mafita maimaita W. Barton a yi na farko a cikin US shuka.

A fatattaka ne da za'ayi ta gasa da albarkatun kasa, ko catalysts, da kuma daukan hotuna zuwa high zafin jiki.

Fatattaka ba ka damar zaɓar daga man fetur da man fetur fiye da amfani gyara.