Hump: a na'urar fasahar aiki. Railway kayayyakin more rayuwa

An ɓangare na dogo sufurin kaya ne mai kasawa aiki a cikin abin da suke dashi kafa da za a aika zuwa daya ko wata shugabanci. Station, a kan abin da redistribution na kaya, da ake kira kasawa. A cikin aikin da suka yi amfani da wani yawa na musamman da na'urorin, shugaban wadda ne hump. Bari mu gano abin da shi ne da kuma yadda shi aiki.

Janar halaye

Hump - a tsarin located a kan ƙasa na da tashar jirgin , kuma domin kafa ko rushe sufurin kaya horar da jiragen kasa. A gaskiya, shi ne a tudun a kan wanda suya w / e hanyar. A zane kunshi uku main sassan: zamewa-kan sashi, da kuma magudanar da hump. A downhill abun da ke ciki zuwa via da locomotive. Sa'an nan kowane mota a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi kadai ne birgima da makõma a magudana gefe, wanda aka located a kan wani gangara. Tsakanin Rolls kashe nunin faifai ko carriages unhook (dama da alaka kekunan shanun) kafa tazara isa ya canza wurin da kibiyoyi daidai da shirin kafa qagaggun. carriages mirgina gudun ne sarrafawa birki matsayi, wanda ke sanye take wagon retarders.

asali Concepts

Saman tsauni kira ta tsororuwar. Yawanci, rufinta ne daga 3.5 zuwa 4.5 mita. Ga kekunan shanu ko unhook aika zuwa podgorochnye hanya ne zuwa ga makõma. A tsawo bambanci tsakanin tuddai kira ta kokuwa da ma'ana lasafta ga wani m podgorochnogo mirgina hanya. A tsawo da aka lasafta don tabbatar da nassi daga cikin mota tare da matalauta tuki yi a karkashin m muhalli da yanayi da dabara batu, wanda aka dauka daga wani stock a 50 m daga karshen matsayin da birki da wuya hanya. Hump nunin faifai kira sirdi na shi, daga abin da wagon ko unhooked fara zaman kanta downward motsi.

Slip-kashi - tsakanin karshe yanki turnouts predgorochnoy wuyansa samun shakatawa da kuma saman nunin faifai. Wannan zone ne yawanci sanye take da protivouklonom for sauki uncoupling motoci, kuma suka daina. The jawo rabo, bi da bi, da aka kira wani sashi tsakanin saman nunin da farkon na kasawa da na shakatawa. A wannan sashe na hanya da take mafi girma gangara shi ne ake kira gudun.

Iri marshalling makarai

Ado tuddai gidaje iya zama ko dai daya mai gefe, biyu-gefe haka. A karshen mafi yawa ana amfani da manyan-kasawa raka'a, tare da babban adadin aiki a duka kwatance. Tun da farko nunin faifai an gina kawai a yankunan da wata halitta gangara ƙasar. Mutane da yawa na wadannan nunin faifai ne har yanzu a amfani. Daga baya suka fara gina wula tare da wani wucin gadi gangara.

Amfani da hanyoyin for braking motoci yiwu ma bambanta. A duk ya dogara a kan wurin da hump aka located. Stations, wanda aka gina kusa da kai nodes, ƙarshe sami kansu a cikin birnin. Irin wannan nunawa shuka musamman bukatun. Muna magana ne game da shiru aiki na sulhu da kuma canza kaya, musamman dokoki, da kuma rushe da dama mai iyaka da yankin na tashar.

Nau'in na nunawa Parks

Rarrabẽwa shakatawa na iya zama iri ɗaya a tsawon kamar yadda sauran tashoshin da Parks, ko taqaitaccen. Mai taqaitaccen Parks ne na kowa a Amurka, inda m ƙasa da nisa tsakanin tashoshin iya samar da wani karin-tsawon jiragen kasa. Rage da aka tattara a daya kasawa shakatawa, haɗa hanyoyi da sauran tashi polusostavami. Duk da haka, akwai lokacin da shi ne mafi kuxi tsara wani dogon mota yadi. A duk ya dogara da yankin.

latest ƙarni na kasawa da nunin faifai samar da wata damar gida iko abubuwa kamar kibiyoyi da kuma yi sigina samun / aika Parks, tare da yiwuwar gwajin duk dole haihuwarka da dependencies. Kadan sau da yawa ta yiwu ka sadu da Karkasa management Railway marshalling tashar musamman.

Unhook da hump braking zone

A farko ya auku a cikin braking unhook hump yankin domin kafa maimaitawa jinkiri. An za'ayi da daya ko biyu TA (birki matsayi). Next braking - sighting faruwa a wurin shakatawa, a lokacin da karusa makõma.

Kuma aka sani a cikin tashoshin na "Rasha layukan dogo" forcipate tura-retardants, da kuma sauran tsarin amfani ga braking. Alal misali, a tashoshin kusa da na zama yankunan, ice kudi amfani reluwe qagaggun rufi da roba. A gogayya da karfi da ke faruwa a lokacin da motsi na da karfe dabaran a kan roba shafi, an kayyade ta outcumeser. A mafi alamar rahama ne birki matsayin hump sanye take da m maganadiso. Su ne mafi tasiri a high gudu unhook (fiye da 20 km / h).

Unhook da braking a wurin shakatawa

A wurin shakatawa zones ga braking motoci ko unhook kafa wani yawan maki retarders cewa samar da kusan-m gudun tsari. A mafi gane a lokacin ne batu na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa fistan sulhu model. Suna kunna lokacin da dabaran flange gudanar a cikin fistin decelerator saka a wuyansa na dogo. Idan mirgina gudun an wuce (rajista via wani haska), da suka wuce haddi sanadin motsi makamashi da aka shãfe haskensu lokacin da fistan aka koma zuwa ƙasa.

A Turai, tartsatsi ma samu karkace na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa retarder. Lokacin da karusa gudanar a ranar da shi, da dabaran flange zo a cikin lamba tare da karkace protrusion na Silinda, da karshen yin yawa, shan kashi na dabaran makamashi. Resistance, wanda zai yi wani wagon retarder dogara a kan yadda yawa gudun da ya wuce mota da kullum.

Braking a kan wata halitta gangara tashoshin

Marshalling da makarai da wata halitta nuna bambanci gudun iko yakan auku a ko'ina cikin zuriya, kuma predparkovoy yankin ciki har da. Nunin faifai suna sanye take da latest ƙarni daga kekunan shanun, wanda aka located kawai a ciki na waƙar da za a iya koma ta wajen ta atomatik sarrafawa igiyoyi. Idan dole, za ka iya ko da fitar kekunan shanun unhooked to motoci, to wanda ya kamata shiga. Irin na'urorin da ake amfani da yadu ga w / d Munich tashoshin, Zurich, kuma Rotterdam.

Bugu da ƙari kuma na'urorin ga braking kasawa nunin faifai an kuma sanye take da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa accelerators. Suna kullum located a wurin shakatawa yankin, da kuma aka kunna a lokacin da unhooked motsa a gudun ƙananan fiye da kullum.

A farko tsarin for ado tuddai

A farko karkata hanya domin rarraba motoci da aka gina a Dresden a shekarar 1946. A wannan lokacin, wata hanya zuwa ga rushe jiragen kasa da aka rarraba a Turai - tare da turntables. A 1858, a Leipzig tashar farko semblance hump tsarin da aka gina. A cikin irin a cikin abin da hump aka aiki a yau, shi ne ya fara gina a 1863 a kan Faransa tashar Ter Nord.

farko protivouklon

A 1876, a Jamus shuka farko kasawa raba abu tare da protivouklonom zamewa-a bangare kuma na tsaka-tsaki yankin da aka gina Shpeldorf. Tun da farko nunin faifai gina a kan wata halitta gangara, ba tare da protivouklona. A 1891, mun fara amfani da rabuwa kasawa shakatawa a bim (hanya kungiyar). Maimakon braking na'urorin idan amfani birki takalma. Wadannan sauki na'urorin zuwa wannan rana za a iya samu a kan wata halitta gangara tashoshin.

A farko retarder

A twenties karni na karshe a Turai da Amirka ta fara amfani da wagon retarder katako irin. A shekarar 1923, a kan Turai tashar Hamm kaddamar da wani mechanized hadaddun na hudu na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa retarders. Saboda bayyana a daidai wannan lokaci da sunadaran da electromechanical karkashin shugabancin tsakiya da damar gudanar da wani m iko da jirgin a yankin hump. Da ɗan baya, na farko da wutar lantarki na'urorin da aka halitta, adanar tsari na wucewa motoci. A daidai da sa aiki, suna da kansa sarrafawa canza inji bugo.

cikakken aiki da kai

A shekarar 1955, a Chicago tashar Kirk kaddamar da farko sarrafawa hump hadaddun. By 1970 a mafi manyan tashoshin akwai cikakken aiki da nauyi humps. A kadan daga baya suka fara yin amfani da rediyo don sarrafa locomotives, ta haka ne inganta yawan aiki.

zabi

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin, akwai wani hali da predominance na kananan consignments. Saboda ya karu gasar tsakanin dogo da kuma sauran iri kaya kai ganga kai zama dacewa, wanda damar domin rage cunkoso halin kaka da kuma ji dadin amfanin kowane irin sufuri. Domin obalodi da kwantena daga Railway kekunan shanun zuwa hanya da tẽku, sufuri, musamman yankunan da aka sanye take da wani crane sunadaran. Tare da ci gaban ganga kayayyakin a Turai, da yawa kasawa tashoshin aika da su Parks aiki, wanda zai iya obalodi cikin kwantena da motoci ba kawai a teku, da kuma hanya kai, amma kuma a kan sauran jiragen kasa.

A hadaddun MSR 32

Siemens kamfanin ya ci gaba da yi da kuma na zamani da Railway marshalling da makarai na musamman hadaddun MSR 32. Yana dogara da irin da kuma ikon da ake so nunin faifai, kazalika da ta profile da kuma gida yanayi Halicci model cewa an gwada da taimakon lantarki kwakwalwa. A tsarin ya nuna wanda matsayi mafi dace gudun na'urori masu auna sigina vesomery, mita unhook girma, birki matsayi, da kuma sauran abubuwa na kasawa da tashar.

A tsarin adapts wani bukatun na abokin ciniki godiya ga wani ire na'urar. Yana da aka saka a nunin faifai da daban-daban profiles, braking Concepts da kuma aiki damar. Alal misali, a Zurich slide, sanye take MSR tsarin 32, tafiyar matakai 330 motoci a kowace awa. da engine aka sarrafa ta rediyo. A Vienna, a irin wannan tsaga maki yana da damar 320 motoci a kowace awa. A locomotive wannan wula gudanar a rediyo. A tsarin samar da duk wula a ci gaba da musayar bayanai da kula da cibiyoyin. Operator hump dole ne kawai ga da shi cewa duk abin da aka aiki kamar yadda ya kamata. A farko shafi na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet, inda Siemens ya shigar da fasahar zama Vaidotai tashar a Lithuania. A hankali 32 MSR fasahar da aka yada a duniya. A cikin tashoshin na JSC "Rasha layukan dogo", suna kuma gwada.