Annealing karfe matsayin irin zafi magani. karfe fasahar

Halittar sabon kayan da kuma iko da dũkiyõyinsu - shi ne ma'adanin na karfe fasaha. Daya daga cikin kayayyakin aiki ne mai zafi magani. Wadannan matakai sa shi yiwuwa a canza halaye da kuma, daidai da, da ikon yinsa, daga cikin yin amfani da gami. Annealing na karfe - mai tartsatsi zaɓi don kawar Manufacturing lahani a kayayyakin, da kara su ƙarfi da aminci.

Tsari Ɗawainiya kuma ta bambance-bambancen karatu

annealing ayyukan ake yi domin:

• Optimization intracrystalline tsarin, da ordering na alloying abubuwa.
• rage girman ciki gajiyan da hargitsi saboda m fasaha da yawan zafin jiki da bambance-bambance.
• kara pliability abubuwa ga m machining.

Gargajiya aiki ne ake kira "full annealing", amma akwai da dama na ta bambancin, dangane da ake so Properties da halaye na ayyuka: bai cika ba, low yadawa (homogenization), isothermal, recrystallization, maido. All ne kama bisa manufa, amma halaye na karfe zafi magani ne muhimmanci daban-daban.

Zafi magani bisa zane-zane

All canje a cikin karfe masana'antu, wadda ake bisa wasan na yanayin zafi a fili dace da zane na baƙin ƙarfe-carbon gami. Yana da wani na gani taimako domin sanin microstructure na carbon steels ko simintin mari, kazalika da maki na canji Tsarin da su halaye a ƙarƙashin rinjayar dumama ko sanyaya.

Metal fasahar shirya wannan jadawali iri daban-daban annealing carbon steels. Domin bai cika ba, low kuma recrystallization "fara" line zazzabi dabi'u ne PSK, wato ta m batu _Ac1. Cikakken annealing da kuma maido da karfe thermal daidaitacce GSE line zane, ta m batu da kuma Ac ₃ Ac _m. Har ila yau chart a fili tabbatar da connection Hanyar kayyade zafi magani da kayan a kan carbon abun ciki da kuma yiwuwar ta dace Holding ga musamman gami.

full annealing

Abubuwan: simintin gyaran kafa da kuma forgings na pro-eutectoid gami, cikinsa da karfe abun da ke ciki ya kamata ya cika da carbon a wani adadin zuwa 0.8%.

Manufa:

• Matsakaicin canji a cikin microstructure na sakamakon simintin da zafi matsa lamba actuation nonuniform m ferrite-pearlite tsarin a yi kama lafiya-grained.
• rage taurin da kuma kara ductility ga m machining.

Technology. Annealing karfe a zazzabi sama da m batu 30-50˚S _Ac3. Bayan kai da qaddara ne thermal Properties na karfe goyi bayan su a wannan matakin don wani lokaci, ba ka damar kammala dukan zama dole canje. Manyan pearlite da ferrite hatsi gaba daya ya canza kama zuwa austenite. A na gaba mataki - jinkirin sanyaya a cikin tanderu, a cikin abin da aiwatar sake bambanta daga austenite ferrite da pearlite ciwon lafiya hatsi da kama tsarin.

Cikakken annealing karfe gusar mafi hadaddun ciki lahani, duk da haka, ne mai matukar lengthy da makamashi cinyewa.

m annealing

Abubuwan: hypoeutectoid karfe, ba-tsanani ciki magudi.

Dalilin size rage da kuma ragi na pearlite hatsi, ba tare da canza ferrite substrate.

Technology. Dumama da karfe zuwa da zazzabi fadowa a cikin rata tsakanin m maki _Ac1 da _Ac3. Exposure na guraben da kalmomin a cikin wutar, da barga halaye facilitates kammala zama dole matakai. Sanyaya aka yi sannu a hankali, tare da gagarumar wuta. A fitarwa ba guda lafiya-grained pearlitic-ferritic tsarin. Tare da irin wannan thermal tasiri ne tuba zuwa cikin lafiya pearlite, da ferrite crystal zauna canzawa, da kuma iya kawai a canza fasali, kuma kara.

Soft annealing na karfe damar daidaita da ciki jiha da kuma kaddarorin sauki abubuwa, shi ne ƙasa da makamashi m.

A low annealing (recrystallization)

Abubuwan: duk iri birgima carbon karfe, gami karfe tare da carbon da abun ciki tsakanin 0,65% (msl, ball qazanta), da kuma blank sassa sanya na nonferrous karafa da cewa ba dauke da dogon lokacin da ciki lahani, amma bukatar maras makamashi gyara.

Manufa:

• kau na ciki gajiyan da iri hardening sakamako saboda biyu sanyi da kuma zafi nakasawa.
• da kawar da illar da m sanyaya na welded Tsarin, ta ƙara ductility da ƙarfin gidajen abinci.
• homogenizing microstructure na ba-ferrous metallurgy.
• lamellar pearlite spheroidization - ba shi da wani granular form.

Technology.

Dumama daga sassa samar a kan 50-100˚S kasa _Ac1 m batu. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar wadannan effects an shafe ta qananan ciki canje-canje. A dukan tsari game da daukan 1-1.5 hours. M darajar zafin jiki jeri ga wasu kayan:

1. Carbon karfe da tagulla gami - 600-700˚S.
2. Nickel gami - 800-1200˚S.
3. Aluminum gami - 300-450˚S.

Sanyaya aka yi a iska. Martensitic da bainitic steels karfe fasahar samar da wani sunan daban don wannan tsari - a high hutu. Shi ne mai sauki da kuma araha hanyar inganta Properties na sassa da kuma Tsarin.

Homogenization (yadawa annealing)

Facilities: manyan simintin kayayyakin, musamman na jefa bakin karfe.

Manufa: uniform rarraba alloying abubuwa sunadaran crystal raga, kuma dukan girma daga cikin ingot a sakamakon high zazzabi yadawa. softening da preform tsarin, Munã rage ta taurin kafin aiwatar da m aiwatar ayyukan.

Technology. Dumama abu don samar high zazzabi 1000-1200˚S. Barga thermal halaye ya kamata a kiyaye na dogon lokaci - game 10-15 hours, dangane da girman da wuya daga cikin simintin gyaran tsarin. jinkirin sanyaya haka kammala dukkan matakai na high-zazzabi halayen.

Lokaci-cinyewa, amma sosai tasiri aiwatar da equalization na microstructure na manyan Tsarin.

isothermal annealing

Abubuwan: carbon karfe farantin mirgina, articles na alloyed kuma high-gami.

Manufa: Don inganta microstructure, da kau da ciki lahani a kasa lokaci.

Technology. Metal farko mai tsanani har sai da cikakken annealing zafin jiki da kuma kiyaye lokaci da ake bukata domin canji na data kasance Tsarin zuwa austenite. Next ne sannu a hankali sanyaya ta hanyar nutsewa a cikin gishiri gõbara. By cimma zafi 50-100˚S zuwa kasa da _Ac1 batu aka sanya a cikin wani gini domin ya kula da shi a wannan matakin a lokacin da lokaci dole ga duka canji na austenite zuwa pearlite da cementite. A karshe sanyaya ne da za'ayi a cikin iska.

A Hanyar damar cimma bukata Properties na alloyed karfe workpieces, yayin da adana lokacin kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da cikakken annealing.

daidaita

Abubuwan: simintin gyaran kafa, forgings da kuma m, na matsakaici da kuma low-alloyed karfe.

Manufa: Don streamline ciki jiha, ba da so taurin da ƙarfi, kyautata na ciki jihar kafin m matakai na zafi magani da kuma machining.

Technology. Karfe mai tsanani ga yanayin zafi da suke da dan kadan sama da GSE layi da kuma ta m maki, da kuma kiyaye sanyaya a cikin iska. Saboda haka, kudi na kammala matakai qara. Duk da haka, yin amfani da wannan hanya don cimma wani m annashuwa tsarin kawai a cikin akwati inda karfe abun da ke ciki a tsare carbon a wani adadin ba fiye da 0.4%. Tare da kara yawa na carbon akwai wani karuwa a bãyan wancan. A wannan karfe bayan daidaita yana da mafi taurin tare gaba ɗaya zubar kananan hatsi. A dabara iya muhimmanci ƙara da karaya juriya da kuma ductility gami sabon aiki.

Zai yiwu lahani annealing

A lokacin da kisan zafi magani ayyukan wajibi ne don bi wa qaddara halaye da zazzabi dumama da kuma sanyaya. A hali na take hakkin daban-daban lahani na iya faruwa bukatun.

1. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin farfajiya Layer kuma samuwar sikelin. Lokacin aiki narkakkar azurfa reacts tare da iska oxygen, wadda take kaiwa ga samuwar sikelin a kan workpiece surface. Subject zuwa tsarkakewa da inji nufin ko ta hanyar amfani da musamman sinadaran reagents.
2. carbon burnout. Har ila yau, shi ya auku a sakamakon sakamakon oxygen a kan zafi karfe. Rage adadin carbon a cikin farfajiya Layer na rage inji da fasaha Properties. Domin ya hana wadannan matakai, annealing karfe ya kamata a yi a layi daya da shigar da wutar makera ciki da m gas wanda babban aiki - su hana interactions gami da oxygen.
3. Zafi fiye da kima. Yana da wani sakamako na tsawo tsufa a cikin wani tanda a high zazzabi. Results a wuce kima hatsi girma, da saye da wadanda ba uniform m hatsi tsarin, ta ƙara fragility. Shigarsu gyara ta hanyar aikata wani zagaye na cikakken annealing.
4. Konawa da. Faruwa a sakamakon impermissibly high dumama darajar da rufe gudun, shi kai wa ga halaka da shaidu tsakanin wasu hatsi gaba daya Ganĩma dukan karfe tsarin da aka ba hõre gyara.

Don hana malfunctions yana da muhimmanci tsananin bi zafi magani na matsalar, suna da basira da kuma tsananin iko da tsari.

Annealing karfe microstructure ne high-tasiri tuki fasahar daga sassa na wani rikitaccen, kuma mafi kyau duka abun da ke ciki da kuma ciki tsarin yadda ake bukata ga m matakai na thermal tsoma, machining da kuma gabatar da tsarin a cikin aiki.