Nitrates da nitrites. A bazuwar na nitrates. Nitrates a abinci da ruwa. Nitrates - a ...

Kowannen mu a kalla sau daya a cikin rayuwarsa da fuskantar da m sakamakon na yin amfani da kayayyakin da nitrates. Ga wani irin ci gaba da haɗuwa kadan hanji cuta, da kuma wani gudanar a samu zuwa asibiti na dogon lokaci dube tare da taka tsantsan da wani 'ya'yan itace da kuma kayan lambu sayi a kasuwar. Sashin kimiyya m da wani rashin sani da aka sanya na nitrate dodo, iya ko na kisan kai, amma yana da daraja don samun saba da wadannan Concepts mafi alhẽri.

Nitrates da nitrites

Nitrite - a nitric acid gishiri, da ciwon nau'i na lu'ulu'u ne. Su ne readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, musamman zafi. A wani masana'antu sikelin an shirya ta sha na nitrous gas. Amfani domin samun dyes kamar yadda oxidizing wakili a cikin yadi da karfe masana'antu kamar yadda hana aifuwa na maza.

Nitrates - mai gishiri da nitric acid, a baya yana sunan nitrate. Suna samu bayan daukan hotuna zuwa karafa, nitric acid, da kuma da kansu su ne sosai karfi oxidants. Readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. nitrate bazuwar auku a yanayin zafi kan mutum ɗari uku da digiri centigrade. Babban aikace-aikace na nitrate - shi ne aikin gona, amma wasu daga cikin mahadi amfani a pyrotechnics kamar yadda nakiyoyi, kazalika da aka gyara na roka man fetur.

Nitrate rawa a cikin rayuwar shuke-shuke

Daya daga cikin hudu na asali abubuwa da ke cikin rayuwa jiki ne nitrogen. Yana ake bukata domin kira na gina jiki. Nitrates - mai gishiri kwayoyin wanda dauke da zama dole adadin nitrogen da shuka. Tunawa da cell, shi an rage wa nitrite gishiri. A karshen, bi da bi, ta hanyar da sarkar sunadarai halayen isa ammonia. Kuma ya, bi da bi, yana da muhimmanci ga samuwar chlorophyll.

Halitta kafofin na nitrate

Babban tushen nitrate ne a cikin yanayi na kasar gona da kanta. Lokacin da kwayoyin abubuwa kunshe a cikinsa, mineralizing - kafa nitrates. The gudun wannan tsari ya dogara da ƙasar amfani, weather da ƙasa da irin. A ƙasar ba ya dauke da wani yawa na nitrogen, don haka muhalli ba damu da samuwar wani gagarumin adadin nitrates. Musamman kamar yadda na aikin da (tsoratar game, disking, m yin amfani da ma'adinai takin) rage adadin kwayoyin nitrogen.

Saboda haka, na halitta kafofin ba za a iya dauke da wani pollutant na ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma jari na nitrates a tsire-tsire.

anthropogenic kafofin

Conventionally anthropogenic kafofin za a iya raba m, masana'antu, da kuma mai amfani. A farko category hada takin zamani da dabba sharar gida, na biyu - da masana'antu sharar gida ruwa da sharar gida. Da tasiri a kan yanayi gurbatawa ne ba iri daya ba, kuma ya dogara da ƙayyadaddu na kowane musamman yankin.

Tabbatar da dalilin da nitrate a cikin kwayoyin kayan ba da wadannan sakamakon:

- fiye da kashi 50 bisa dari - shi ne sakamakon da girbi.
- game da kashi 20 cikin dari - taki.
- zuwa 18% na gabatowa birane da sharar birni.
- komai - shi ne masana'antu sharar gida.

A mafi tsanani cuta sa zuwa nitrogen gargajiya, wanda ake gabatar a cikin ƙasa to ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa. Bazuwar na nitrates a cikin ƙasa, kuma shuke-shuke, Forms isasshen adadin nitrites ga ci abinci mai guba. Intensification na noma kawai exacerbates matsalar. Matakin qarshe na nitrates lura a cikin babban gutters wanda tara da ruwa bayan watering.

A tasiri a kan jikin mutum

Nitrates da nitrites farko damuwa kansu a cikin tsakiyar seventies. Sa'an nan, a cikin tsakiyar Asiya likitoci rubuta fashewa da kankana guba. A cikin shakka daga gudanar da bincike an gano cewa, 'ya'yan itãcen bi da ammonium nitrate da kuma mai yiwuwa a bit overdone. Bayan wannan lamarin, chemists da kuma masana kimiyyar zo Grips tare da nazarin hulda da nitrates tare da masu rai, musamman mutum.

1. A jini nitrates hulɗa tare da haemoglobin, kuma oxidized ta bijiro da batun kafa baƙin ƙarfe. Wannan suranta methemoglobin, wanda ba zai iya safarar oxygen. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa rushewa daga salula numfasawa da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ciki yanayi.
2. Disrupting homeostasis, nitrates taimakawa ga ci gaban da cutarwa microflora a cikin Gut.
3. A shuke-shuke, nitrates rage bitamin abun ciki.
4. An yawan abin sama na nitrates iya haifar da zubar da ciki ko jima'i tabarbarewa.
5. A kullum dalma ta nitrates karu a yawa na aidin da kuma thyroid compensatory karuwa.
6. Nitrates - mai jawo factor ga ci gaban da marurai na narkewa kamar tsarin.
7. Mafi nitrates kashi lokaci guda zai iya kai ga rushewar saboda zato fadada kananan tasoshin.

Metabolism na nitrate a cikin jiki

Nitrates - aka samu daga ammonia, wanda, fadowa cikin wani rai jiki, ana saka a cikin metabolism da kuma canza shi. A adadi kaɗan, ba su haifar da matsala. Tare da abinci da ruwa nitrates ana tunawa a cikin Gut, hawa daga cikin jini da hanta da kuma excreted da kodan. Bugu da kari, masu jego nitrates samu shiga cikin nono.

A lokacin metabolism nitrates juya zuwa nitrites, oxidized baƙin ƙarfe a cikin haemoglobin kwayoyin da kuma rushe numfashi sarkar. Domin samar da methemoglobin ashirin grams, isa daya kawai milligram na sodium nitrite. Yadda aka saba, da methemoglobin yawa a cikin jini kada wuce kamar wata dari. Idan wannan adadi lẽƙãwa talatin, akwai wani mai guba, idan shi ne sama da hamsin - shi ne kusan ko da yaushe m.

Don sarrafa matakin na methemoglobin a cikin jiki da metgemoglobinreduktaza. Wannan hanta enzyme da aka samar a cikin jiki, jere daga watanni uku zuwa rayuwa.

Halatta kudi na nitrates

Hakika, manufa domin mutum - don kauce wa fadowa nitrates da nitrites a cikin jiki, amma shi ba ya faru a hakikanin rai. Saboda haka, tsafta-ANNOBA tashar, likitoci sun kafa norms daga cikin wadannan abubuwa, wanda ba zai iya lalata jiki.

Domin ya fara tasawa da wani nauyi na fiye da saba'in kilo aka dauke halatta kashi na 5 milligrams da kilogram na jiki nauyi. Ba tare da tsanani sakamakon ga kiwon lafiya na manya iya hadiye har zuwa rabin gram na nitrates. A yara, wannan adadi fiye da talakawan - 50 milligrams, ko da nauyi ko shekaru. A lokaci guda wani jariri guba zai zama isa, kuma na biyar na wannan kashi.

Hanyoyi na Entry

Samun dalma ta nitrates iya zama alimentary hanya, watau ta hanyar abinci, da ruwa, magani da kuma ko da (idan sun dauke nitrates, gishiri). Fiye da rabin da kullum kashi na nitrate shiga cikin mutum tare da sabo kayan lambu da kuma gwangwani kaya. Saura daga cikin kashi ya shiga yin burodi, kiwo da samfurori da kuma ruwa. Bugu da kari, karamin sashi ne nitrate da kuma na rayuwa kayayyakin samar endogenously.

Nitrates a cikin ruwa - shi ne wani lokaci don magana dashi. Ta - duniya da sauran ƙarfi, saboda haka shi ya ƙunshi ba kawai ma'adanai da kuma gano abubuwa wajibi ne ga al'ada mutum rai, amma kuma da gubobi, poisons, kwayoyin cuta, helminths, wanda su ne causative jamiái na hatsari cututtuka. Bisa ga World Health Organization, saboda matalauta ingancin ruwa a kowace shekara zama m game da mutane biliyan biyu, da kuma mutu ne fiye da miliyan uku.

Chemical takin dauke da ammonium salts percolate ta cikin gona da samun a cikin karkashin kasa da tabkuna. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa jari na nitrate, da kuma wani lokacin su yawan kai ɗari biyu milligrams da lita. Artesian ruwa ne sabta, kamar yadda cirewa daga zurfi yadudduka, amma kuma zai iya samun gubobi. Mazauna yankunan karkara da kyau ruwa sama kullum tamanin milligrams na nitrates daga kowane lita na ruwa ka sha.

Bugu da kari, da nitrate abun ciki a cikin taba ne babban isa ga smokers tare da wani dogon tsaye dalili na kullum guba. Wannan shi ne wani shawara a cikin ni'imar da yaki da cutarwa al'ada.

Nitrates a abinci

A lokacin dafa da adadin nitrates a cikin wadannan kayayyakin ne ƙwarai rage, amma a lokaci guda keta dokokin ajiya iya haifar da kishiyar sakamako. Nitrites, mafi guba abubuwa da mutane, suna kafa a zazzabi na daga goma zuwa talatin da biyar digiri, musamman idan abinci ajiya sarari inda iska ne matalauta, kuma akwai lalacewa a kan kayan lambu, ko sun fara rot. Nitrites kuma kafa a thawed kayan lambu, a daya hannun, zurfin daskarewa hana samuwar nitrites da nitrates.

Karkashin ganiya ajiya yanayi na iya rage adadin nitrate a cikin kayayyakin na tashi zuwa hamsin cikin dari.

nitrate guba

Alamun dalma ta nitrates:

- blueness na lebe, fuska da kusoshi.
- Tashin zuciya da kuma amai iya zama wahala a ciki.
- yellowness na fata da idanu, na jini da stools.
- ciwon kai da kuma drowsiness.
- m shortness na numfashi, palpitations, kuma ko da asarar sani.

Ƙima ga wannan guba ne karfi a karkashin yanayi na hypoxia, misali a cikin duwatsu ko da carbon monoxide guba ko karfi giya maye. Nitrates shigar da hanji, inda da na halitta microflora metabolizes su zuwa nitrites. Nitrite aka tunawa a cikin tsari dabam dabam da kuma shafi na haemoglobin. A farko alamun guba za a iya maye gurbinsu da sa'a a wani babban na farko kashi, ko shida hours idan adadin nitrates ya kananan.

Ka tuna cewa m dalma ta nitrates a cikin manifestations kama da barasa maye.

Ba shi yiwuwa a raba rayuwar mu daga nitrate, saboda wannan zai shafi duk yankunan da 'yan adam: daga abinci don samar da. Duk da haka, za mu iya kokarin su kare kansu daga wuce kima amfani, wadannan sauki sharudda:

- A wanke 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu kafin cin abinci.
- kantin sayar da abinci a refrigerators ko a musamman sanye take da wuraren.
- sha tsarkake ruwa.