Nikolai Maclay: short biography

"Kana da farko ... mun tabbatar da cewa mutane a ko'ina mutum" - wadannan kalmomi na L. N. Tolstoy da zarar jawabi sosai matasa masanin kimiyya Nikolai Maclay Miklouho-. A biography wannan sanannen matafiyi ne don haka ban sha'awa, da aka karanta a daya numfashi. Ba abin mamaki shi ne sau da yawa gayyace zuwa fādar sarki, don haka ya shaida wa fadar iyali ransa daga cikin aborigines na New Guinea.

Maclay: A Biography (iyali da kuma yaranta)

A nan gaba shahara matafiyi kuma ethnographer aka haife Yuli 17, 1846 a kauyen ilimin harsuna Novgorod lardin, a wani daraja iyali. Fiye da shekaru goma da shi da uwa tasa, da 'yan'uwa da sau da yawa koma daga wuri zuwa wuri, wadannan mahaifinsa, wanda yake Railway m. A karshen 1856 da shugaban iyali da aka nada a matsayin shugaban da gina Vyborg karauka. By lokacin Nicholas Maclay Sr. ya riga tsanani da rashin lafiya tare da tarin fuka, amma wazo kafa aiki a kan wani sabon aiki. Wannan karshe rafke da kiwon lafiya, ya rasu a shekara daga baya a cikin shekaru 41 da shekaru.

Tun da iyali tanadi da aka kashe a equities, da gwauruwa ta gaske sanya rayuwa ta jawo maps, ta ya iya ba da yara a mai kyau ilimi, sunã kira malamai da gidan. Ta ko da hayar su ga wani art malami wanda ya buɗe Nikolai m iyawa.

Nazarin a makarantar sakandare

Nikolai Maclay, wanda biography ne cike da ban sha'awa da suka faru, a 1858, tare da yayansa Sergei aka soma a cikin na uku sa na makaranta "Annenschule". Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, boys roƙe mahaifiyarta fassara su a cikin dakin motsa jiki breech. Don yin wannan, da gwauruwa ta gaske, ya kai} arar kudin shiga ga 'ya'yan da tsada, daidai da daraja na ta marigayi miji, ba irin wannan dama.

Biyu Petersburg High School Nikolay Mikluha karatu sosai mugun kuma sau da yawa truant. A sakamakon haka, shi ne a cikin wahala, sai aka canjawa wuri zuwa Class 5.

A shekaru 15, a lokacin da wani dalibi zanga-zanga Nikolai aka kama, da kuma tare da sauran schoolboys da ɗan'uwansa Sergei kurkuku a cikin Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja. Duk da haka, bayan 'yan kwanaki na matasa da aka saki, kamar yadda Hukumar Binciken dauke da cewa da suka kasance sunã tsare da kuskure.

Karatu a Jami'ar

A lokacin rani na 1863, Nikolai bar dakin motsa jiki. Ya bayyana kwadayin shigar da Academy of Arts, amma mahaifiyarta ya iya magana da shi daga.

A watan Satumba 1863 wani saurayi shiga wata mai sa kai a Moscow University of Physics da lissafi na abin da ya yiwu ko da ba tare da wani daftarin aiki domin kawo karshen motsa jiki a hanya. Akwai ya yi aiki tukuru kimiyyar yanayin halitta, ciki har da Physiology.

A lokacin jami'a taron, da aka gudanar a 1864, Nicholas kokarin rike da ginin ya classmate a dakin motsa jiki Sufschinskogo. Suka tsare da gwamnati, da kuma yaron dakatar daga halartar azuzuwan.

Da zarar ya bayyana cewa Nicholas ba za su iya sami mafi girma ilimi a Rasha, uwar amince su aika da yaro ya yi nazarin kasashen waje a Jamus. Bayan wani dogon fitina, saurayin gudanar don samun fasfo da kuma tafiya kasashen waje a watan Afrilu 1864.

Rayuwa a Jamus

Nikolai Maclay (biography na masanin kimiyyar akai-akai gyara a lokacin Soviet zamanin) bayan kudin shiga ga University of Heidelberg aka hannu a rikicin siyasar da tsakanin akwai da Rasha kwalejin dalibai hade da daban-daban ra'ayoyi a kan Yaren mutanen Poland tawaye. Uwarsa aka ƙoƙarin rarrashin dansa zauna daga siyasa da kuma zama mai kyau m. Sabanin buri na ta matasa, tare da laccoci a kan lissafi, sai ya fara halartar karatu a nazarin zaman jama'a.

A lokacin rani na 1865 Nicholas Maclay canjawa wuri zuwa (biography na wani saurayi da aka sani da isasshen), a Jami'ar Leipzig. Akwai, ya shiga cikin baiwa, inda horar da manajoji a fagen aikin noma da kuma da gandunan daji.

Bayan sauraron akwai 4th shekara, sai ya tafi Jena da kuma shiga cikin Faculty of Medicine, inda ya yi karatu don 3 years.

The balaguro zuwa Canary Islands

A cikin bazara na 1866 kimiyya darektan Nikolai E. Haeckal ya yanke shawarar ziyarci Sicily da manufar karatu da fauna da Rum da kuma gayyace shi zuwa ziyara da ya fi so dalibi da kuma mataimakin. The yaki tilasta su su canza hanya, da kuma saurayin da yake a Ingila, inda ya gana da ta Darwin kansa. Sa'an nan mahalarta na balaguro a jirgin ruwa zuwa Madeira sa'an nan zuwa Santa Cruz a tsibirin Tenerife.

A gida yawan ya dauka, masana kimiyya mayu. Bayan kammala wata kungiyar masana kimiyya, da suka hada da Maclay, kai Morocco. Akwai, Nikolai ya yi nazarin rayuwa na Berbers da kuma mayar da su zuwa Jena a watan Mayu 1867.

kimiyya da ayyukan

A Jena NN Maclay (biography a matasan gabatar a sama) ya sake Haeckal mataimaki. A lokacin rani na 1867, ya wallafa farko kimiyya labarin a cikin "Journal of Jena magani da kuma kimiyyar yanayin halitta." Yana da aka sanya hannu "Maclay".

A shekara daga baya, saurayin sauke karatu daga Medical Faculty of Jami'ar Jena da aka tsunduma a cikin kimiyya aiki. A daya daga cikin articles, ya sa a gaba da suke cewa juyin halitta ne mai bambantawa, watau. E. The miƙa mulki daga asalin nau'i na kwayoyin halittar da sauran siffofin, amma ba dole ba ce maɗaukakiya.

The balaguro zuwa Italiya da kuma Red Sea

Bayan da gazawar da yawa yunkurin zama memba na iyakacin duniya balaguro Maclay (biography na karshe shekaru ransa aka gabatar a kasa) ya tafi zuwa ga Sicily da dabbobi Anton Dohrn-Darwiniyanci.

A Italiya, nan gaba shahara Explorer koya daga cikin kammala gina da Suez Canal , da kuma yanke hukuncin karatu da fauna daga cikin Bahar Maliya.

Bayan ziyarar da Misira, inda ya shafe mai girma da yawa na gudanar da bincike, masana kimiyya ya tafi zuwa Rasha, inda ya isa a lokacin rani na 1869.

Shirye-shirye na farko balaguro zuwa New Guinea

Fuskanci tare da dangi wanda a wancan lokacin ya rayu a Saratov, Nikolai Maclay (biography na kimiyyar da aka daga baya ya fassara a cikin harsuna da dama) na tafi zuwa ga babban birnin kasar da kuma ya yi magana a dama kimiyya taro. Ba da da ewa, ya aka karɓa a cikin sahu na Rasha Kasa Society da kuma amince da daftarin da balaguro wanda ya ƙaddamar a kan tekun Pacific.

Mayu 21, 1870 Ministan Marine Crabbe ce ya karbi izini ya sadar da mafi Maclay a Batavia a kan Corvette "Vityaz".

Maclay Nikolai: taƙaitaccen biography na tsawon rayuwa a cikin tsibiran a cikin Pacific Ocean

Tashi na "Vityaz" da aka gudanar Nuwamba 8, 1870. A Brazil, Maclay yayin da ta ziyarci wani asibiti a garin, kuma aka tsunduma a dubawa baƙar fata na biyu mata da maza.

Yuli 21, "The Knight" isa a Tahiti. A tsibirin Maclay sayi ja calico, needles, ruwan wukake, sabulu, da kuma samu kyauta daga Jossan bishop.

Sa'an nan kuma matafiyi ya tafi Apia, inda suka yi ijara da barorinsa biyu: a ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa daga Sweden Olsen da kuma matasa 'yan qasar na Klitschko. Bayan watanni biyu kuma, wani masanin kimiyya da mataimakansa isa tashar karshe na tafiya. Maclay (takaice dai biography na masanin kimiyyar kamar wani kasada labari) komai a fili tare da mataimakansa da kuma ziyarci kauyen. All gida mazauna dauki zuwa dugadugansa amma Papuan mai suna Tui wanda a nan gaba ya zama tsaka tsakanin 'yan balaguro da mazauni.

A farkon watanni na da mazauni a bi da sababbin warily, amma a 1872 Maclay (short biography ba zai iya bayar da cikakken hoto na rayuwarsa, cike da kasada) da aka soma da su a matsayin aboki.

Explore yankin matafiyi kira sunansa. Sabõda haka, a cikin duniya map bayyana Coast Maclay.

Na biyu tafiya zuwa New Guinea

Disamba 24 a kan jirgin "Emerald" wani masanin kimiyya bar New Guinea. Bayan wani lokaci da ya je Hong Kong, inda ya koya game da zarge shi daukaka bincike Papuans. Bayan tafiye-tafiye zuwa Batavia Maclay tafi a kan na biyu balaguro zuwa Papuans da komai a fili a Ambon, Janairu 2, 1874. Akwai ya fara yaki tare da slavers.

A May 1875 da masanin kimiyyar rubuta wata wasika zuwa ga Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II da bukatar daukar karkashin kariya ta aborigines na New Guinea, da kuma samu wani mummunan mayar da martani.

Bayan shafe watanni 17 a tsibirin, Maclay tafi Australia. Akwai Miklouho- Maclay gudanar da goyon da} ananan hukumomi, aikin kungiyar nazarin halittu tashar a Bay Watsons Bay. Tun da shi ne ba zai yiwu ya tattara da ake bukata adadin, da masanin kimiyyar sake ya tafi zuwa ga Kudu Tekuna.

a Melanesia

A farkon 1880 matafiyi ya sauka a kan tarin tsiburai Louisiade, amma akwai kamu da zazzabi da kuma aka hanyar mu'ujiza tsĩrar da mishaneri ya dauki shi zuwa Brisbane. A shekara daga baya Maclay koma zuwa Sydney da kuma gangarawa cikin Marine Halittu Station.

Duk da haka, ya yi da ya fi kyau kare da yawan New Guinea. A musamman, ya sa baki ya sami ceto daga kisan kiyashin da yan asali kauye, kusa da uku da mishaneri aka kashe.

Komowa zuwa Rasha, kuma mai tafiya zuwa Turai

Sydney Maclay (takaice dai biography na masanin kimiyyar bai ƙunshi wani bayani game da wucewa romances) ya gana da gwauruwa Margaret Robertson Clark - 'yar wani muhimmin mulkin mallaka da jami'ai, da wanda ya buga wani romance. Duk da haka, dole ne ya bar matasa mace da kuma komawa zuwa Rasha, inda ya isa a Janairu 1882. Akwai ya jira tare da rashin haƙuri, kuma laccoci sun samu gagarumar nasara. Bugu da kari, matafiyin da aka gabatar Alexander III, wanda ya zaunar da kudi matsaloli.

tabarbarewar kiwon lafiya karkashin jagorancin Maclay je neman magani a Turai. A lokacin tafiya, ya samu wata wasika daga Margaret Clark, a cikin abin da ta bai wa amsa da aure da masanin kimiyya. Duk da haka, maimakon je fi so, wani masanin kimiyya na uku ziyarci New Guinea. Akwai ya aka taka rawar gani ba, kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin abokansa mutu Papuans. Maclay komai a fili a bong horticultural amfanin gona - mangoes, breadfruit, Orange, lemun tsami da kuma kofi wake. Duk da haka, duk da buƙatun daga Papuans, ya bar su, alkawarin dawo.

aure

Yuni 10, 1883 Nicholas Maclay koma zuwa Sydney da kuma magance matsalolin da dangantaka da ƙarshe na wani aure tsakanin shi da wani Protestant Clark. Fabrairu 27, 1884 da suka kasance sunã yi aure, kuma su na farko-haife aka haife shi a watan Nuwamba - dan Alexander.

Koma zuwa Rasha, kuma mutuwa

Bayan karbar domin ga saki na ginin Halittu Station Maclay yanke shawarar komawa zuwa mahaifarsa, sannan ya isa Odessa a tsakiyar bazara na 1886. A Rasha masana kimiyya sun yi kokarin gudanar da wani shiri na aikin sake ma su matsugunni mazauna a kan Maclay Coast, amma ya tsare-tsaren tafi awry.

A 1887, sanannen matafiyi ta kiwon lafiya rincabewa. Duk da wannan, ya gudanar kawo cikin iyali a Rasha. Duk da haka, cutar (kamar yadda ya juya fitar da ciwon daji), cigaban, kuma a watan Afrilu 1988 Nicholas Maclay (Taqaitaccen Tarihin ka riga sani) ya rasu.

jana'izar

A karshe tafiya matafiyi ciyar da yawa shahararren masana kimiyya na lokaci da kuma mambobi ne na Rasha Kasa Society. Maclay aka binne shi a cikin Volkov hurumi gaba da ubansa da 'yar'uwa Olga.

Yanzu da ka san wanda da Maclay Nikolai. Taqaitaccen Tarihin mutumin, har ma a matsa form daukan mai yawa pages, kamar yadda ya rayu da ransa, shi ne wuce yarda da arziki a cikin kasada.