Mene ne wata cutar? Abin da ya kunshi?

A wakilan mulkin na ƙwayoyin cuta - musamman kungiyar na rayuwa siffofin. Suna da ba kawai wani sosai na musamman tsarin, amma kuma halin da takamaiman metabolism. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika ACELLULAR rayuwa tsari - a cutar. Abin da shi ne a matsayin na ninka, kuma abin da rawar da yake taka a cikin yanayi, za ka koyi da karanta shi.

Gano ba-salon salula rayuwa siffofin

Rasha Dmitry masanin kimiyya Ivanovsky a 1892 karatu da pathogen na taba cuta - taba mosaic. Ya samu cewa pathogenic wakili ba kwayoyin cuta, da kuma shi ne na musamman nau'i, baya mai suna cutar. A cikin marigayi 19th karni a ilmin halitta ba amfani microscopes tare da high ƙuduri, saboda haka ilimin kimiyya iya sani ba na wani kwayoyin ne wata cutar, kazalika da ganin kuma bayyana shi. Bayan samar da wani na'urar hange a farkon karni na 20th, duniya gan farko wakilan wani sabon mulkin, a cikin hanyar yawa da haɗari, kuma baro adam cututtuka, kazalika da sauran halittu: dabbobi, shuke-shuke, kwayoyin.

A matsayi na ba-salon salula siffofin a cikin taxonomy na namun daji,

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, wadannan kwayoyin ake hada cikin biyar mulkin yanayi - ƙwayoyin cuta. Babban morphological siffofi da halayyar ƙwayoyin cuta - babu salula tsarin. Har yanzu, da kimiyya duniya ba ya hana muhawara a kan ko ba-salon salula siffofin halittu a cikin cikakken hankali na lokaci. Bayan duk, duk manifestations na na rayuwa su ne yiwu ne kawai bayan shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin kwayar halitta mai rai. Up zuwa wannan lokaci da ƙwayoyin cuta hali kamar abubuwan da matattun hali: ba su yi rayuwa halayen, ba su yi kiwo. A farkon karni na 20th, da kimiyya, da masana a dukan sa na tambayoyi: Me ne wata cutar, abin da yake a cikin harsashi, wanda aka located ciki da cutar barbashi? Responses aka samu a sakamakon shekaru na bincike da kuma gwaje-gwajen, wanda aiki a matsayin tushen ga wani sabon kimiyya horo. Yana fito a rarrabawa da ilmin halitta da kuma magani, da ake kira virology.

tsarin fasali

The magana "duk baiwa ne mai sauki" kai tsaye ya shafi wadanda ba salula rayuwa siffofin. A cutar ya hada da nucleic acid kwayoyin - DNA ko RNA, da furotin da rufi membrane. Ya ba da da kansa makamashi da kuma gina jiki rairaya tsarin. Ba tare da wata rundunar cell da cutar ba su da wata ãyã daga abu mai rai: ba numfashi, ba girma, ba irritability ko haifuwa. Don duk wannan akwai, shi ne kawai daukan abu daya sami wani wanda aka azabtar - kwayar halitta mai rai, to, ku mallake ta metabolism na ta nucleic acid da kuma ƙarshe halaka. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da cutar ambulan gina jiki da aka hada da kwayoyin ciwon umurni da tsarin (sauki ƙwayoyin cuta).

Idan abun da ke ciki na harsashi ya hada ma lipoprotein subunits, wanda su ne ainihin ɓangare na cytoplasmic membrane daga cikin rundunar cell, irin ƙwayoyin cuta da ake kira fili (jamiái na smallpox da kuma hepatitis B). Sau da yawa a cikin farfajiya membrane da cutar shigar da glycoproteins. Sun yi a yi sigina aiki. Saboda haka, a matsayin harsashi, da kuma cutar kanta kunshi kwayoyin da kwayoyin bangaren - gina jiki da kuma nucleic acid (DNA ko RNA).

Yadda Ƙwayoyin cuta shiga cikin rayayyun tantani

Tun da farko mu dubi tsarin fasali na harsashi na kwayuka m. A cutar kunshi kwayoyin kwayoyin da nazarin halittu jamiái, kuma ta surface tsarin ƙunshi musamman sunadarai, plasmalemma yarda da rayayyen tantanin halitta ba. Saboda haka, ba-salon salula siffofin shafi takamaiman iri Kwayoyin na wasu jinsin kwayoyin. Alal misali, canine distemper ƙwayoyin cuta ba matsayi kasada ga lafiyar dan adam. Ciki da m shiga cikin cell a hanyoyi da dama:

1. A ci na ta ambulaf tare da jikin tantanin (mura cutar).
2. By pinocytosis (causative wakili na poliomyelitis dabbobi).
3. Bayan cell bango lalacewa (shuka ƙwayoyin cuta).

multiplication da ƙwayoyin cuta

Da zarar m buga keji, ta nucleic acid kwayoyin, wedging a cikin nucleus din genome, aika da bayanai game da tsarin da furotin barbashi kuma jawo biosynthesis nasu sunadaran. Yana amfani da ribosome kwayoyin na ATP, tRNA rundunar cell. A a layi daya, da kamuwa da kwayar ne reduplication na hereditary bayanai. Ka tuna cewa na gina jiki da kuma nucleic acid ƙwayoyin cuta kunshi kira sauki. Su barbashi dauki kashi RNA, wanda nan da nan na Magana da ribosomal subunits na rundunar Kwayoyin kuma yanã da biosynthesis na kwayoyin cutar gina jiki.

A sakamakon harin da pathogen a kan salula zama fili na DNA ko RNA kwayar barbashi tare da nasu gina jiki. Saboda haka, sabuwar kafa cutar hada da nucleic acid kwayoyin, barbashi rufi da umarnin proteids. A membrane daga cikin rundunar cell da aka hallaka, cikin cell mutu, amma ta fito daga ƙwayoyin cuta harba lafiya Kwayoyin na jiki.

Baya sabon abu reduplication

A farkon nazarin da wakilan mulkin na hikima cewa ƙwayoyin cuta an hada da Kwayoyin, amma gwaje-gwajen D. Ivanovsky nuna cewa pathogens ba za a iya bambanta da taimakon microbiological tace: da pathogens sun shũɗe, ta hanyar da pores kuma ya bayyana a cikin filtrate, wanda ya zauna virulent Properties.

Bugu da ari nazarin da aka kafa ta da cewa da cutar da aka hada da kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta da kuma aka nuna alamun abu mai rai ne kawai bayan ta kai tsaye shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin cell. A da shi, ya fara ninka. Mai RNA ƙwayoyin cuta ta yawaita kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, amma wasu daga cikinsu, kamar cutar kanjamau, hanyar DNA kira a cikin nucleus din rundunar cell. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira baya kwafi. Next, a wani jigidar halittar DNA da aka hada da RNA-virus, amma yana zuwa za a fara taron kwayar sunadari subunits, forming ta ambulan.

Features bacteriophages

Mene ne wani bacteriophage - a cell ko wani virus? Abin da ke cikin wannan maras salula nau'i na rayuwa? Amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi ne kamar haka: shi ne mai cutar da cewa infects kawai prokaryotic kwayoyin - kwayoyin. A tsarin da ta wajen peculiar. A cutar da aka hada da kwayoyin da kwayoyin abu da kuma ne zuwa kashi sassa uku: da kai, da sanda (Case) da kuma trailing thread. A gaban part - kai - shi ne mai jigidar halittar DNA. Wadannan hali da ciwon a cikinta m shaft. Caudal thread a haɗe a cikinta, samar da wani dangane da cutar tsoka mai amsa sigina loci jini membrane kwayoyin. Ka'idar aiki yayi kama da bacteriophage sirinji. Bayan rage rufe wata jigidar halittar DNA da furotin da kuskure da m sanda sa'an nan allura a cikin cytoplasm da manufa cell. Yanzu da kamuwa da kwayoyin za su haduwa kwayar DNA da sunadaran, wanda zai babu makawa kai ta zuwa ga rasuwar.

Kamar yadda da kwayoyin kare kanta da kwayar cututtuka

Nature Ya halitta na musamman aminci kayan aiki, tsaurin kwayar cututtuka na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da mutane. Pathogens kansu gane su Kwayoyin kamar yadda antigens. A mayar da martani ga gaban ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jikin samar immunoglobulins - m antibodies. Gabobi na rigakafi da tsarin - da thymus, Lymph nodes - don amsa kwayar mamayewa da kuma bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban m sunadaran - interferon. Wadannan abubuwa hana ci gaban na cutar barbashi da kuma hana su yaduwa. Da iri m halayen tattauna a sama da lãbãri a gare humoral rigakafi. Wani nau'i na kariya - cell. Farin jini Kwayoyin, macrophages, neutrophils sha da cutar barbashi da kuma manne su.

Ma'ana ƙwayoyin cuta

Shi ne ba wani asirin da cewa shi ne mafi yawa korau. Wadannan ultra-pathogenic barbashi (15 zuwa 450 nm), a bayyane ne kawai a cikin na'urar hange sa wani furannin m da kuma baro cututtuka ba tare da togiya kwayoyin data kasance a cikin duniya. Saboda haka, a cikin mutum ƙwayoyin cuta shafi muhimmanci gabobin da kuma tsarin, kamar juyayi (ciwon hauka, encephalitis, polio) rigakafi (AIDS), narkewa kamar (hepatitis), na numfashi (mura, adenoinfektsii). Animals samun lafiya lizard, annoba, da kuma shuke-shuke - da dama necrosis, dabbare, mosaic.

A bambancin da wakilan mulkin ba a karatu har zuwa karshen. A hujja ne da cewa har yanzu samu sabon iri na ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma gane asali cutar ba a baya ci karo. Alal misali, a cikin tsakiyar karni na 20th a Afirka sun gano Zika cutar. An located a jikin sauro cewa an kamu a lõkacin da suka ciji mutane da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa. Alamun cutar nuna cewa da wakili rinjayar da farko sassa na tsakiya m tsarin da kuma Sanadin neonatal microcephaly. Mutane suka yi dako na wannan cutar, ya kamata su tuna cewa su gabatar da wani hadarin m to su abokan, kamar yadda a cikin likita yi lokuta ya ruwaito daga jima'i watsa daga cuta.

By da muhimmiyar rawa da ƙwayoyin cuta sun hada da su yi amfani da a yaki da kwaro nau'in a kayyade aikin injiniya.

A wannan aikin, an gaya mana cewa irin wannan cutar daga wanda shi ne mai barbashi, yadda kwayoyin kare kansu da pathogens. Mun kuma gano irin rawa da ba-salon salula siffofin rayuwa a yanayi.