Mene ne tin annoba?

Tuni a cikin IV Millennium BC, mutane da aka sani game da wanzuwar tin a yanayi. A duk lokacin da, da karfe da aka tsada sosai saboda ta inaccessibility. A wannan mahallin, Ambaton an wuya a samu a zamanin d Girkanci da kuma Roman rubuta kafofin.

Tin da jan aiki a matsayin wani bangare ne na tin tagulla. Yana da aka ƙirƙira a tsakiyar ko karshen III Millennium BC. Tun da tagulla a zamanin da aka dauke mafi m dukan gami sani ga mutum, tin da aka gani a matsayin dabarun karfe. Wannan hali nace ga kan 2 dubu. Years.

ajiya

The most iyo wuraren waha suna located in kudu maso gabashin Asiya da kuma China. Ã'a m adibas aka samu a Australia da kuma Kudancin Amirka (Peru, Brazil, Bolivia). A Rasha, da adibas suna located a cikin Khabarovsk Abuja, a wata rana area (Sable da festival), Verkhnebureinsky area (Pravourmiyskoe). Bugu da kari, da adibas samu a Chukotka. A nan ne Pyrkakayskie Stockworks, kauye / nawa Valkumey, Iultin. Su ci gaba da aka rufe a cikin 90s. tin adibas kuma zama a cikin Seaside kr. a Kavalerovo yanki a Yakutia (The mataimakin), da kuma sauran yankuna.

A mutuwa na balaguro zuwa Kudu iyakacin duniya

A 1910 Captain Robert Scott - iyakacin duniya mai bincike daga Ingila - wani balaguro. Its nufi shi ne Kudu iyakacin duniya. Duk da yake a wannan yanki mutumin da aka ba. The balaguro dauki yawa watanni. Matafiya tafiya tare da sararin expanses na Arctic nahiyar. Tare hanyar da suka bar kananan warehouses da abinci da kananzir. By farkon 1912, da balaguro kai iyakacin duniya. Duk da haka, da girma jin cizon yatsa na matafiya, suka sãmi wani rubutu a cikin abin da ya bayyana cewa, a watan baya, ziyarci Roald Amundsen. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance ba da babban matsala. A kan hanyar dawo kan na farko da stock Scott ta tawagar gano cewa ganga a cikin abin da kananzir ya, ya tsaya komai. Daskararre, gaji mutane zai iya ba dumi ko dafa abinci. Sa'ad da ya kai tare da tsananin wahalar zuwa gaba sito, sun gano cewa, akwai komai a canisters. Ba da ciwon da ƙarfi su yi tsayayya da sanyi, duk da mambobi ne na balaguro mutu.

sauran metamorphosis

A karshen karni na karshe daga Holland zuwa Rasha tafi horar. Akwai tin sanduna. A Moscow, cikin kekunan shanun da aka bude. Maimakon sanduna masu karɓa gan babu inda ya dace da launin toka foda. Kusan lokaci guda, wani balaguro da aka aika zuwa Siberia. Ta aka kyau da dauke da makamai. Balaguro shirya sun bayar da yawa, daki-daki ga matsananci sanyi ba su daina tafiya. Duk da haka, wanda azãba aka har yanzu shigar. Matafiya kawo tare da su a tasa daga tin. Ba da da ewa, a lokacin da na farko frosts shi rududdugaggu cikin foda. Matafiya aka tilasta yanke da jita-jita da aka yi da itace. A farkon da XX karni a St. Petersburg a daya daga cikin warehouses akwai wani abin kunya. A duba ya gano cewa duk kayan bace mashiga. Maimakon haka, akwatin da aka sani kawai m foda. Ya aka aika zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. Da masu bincike kammala, karfe tin annoba bugi. A cewar wasu masana tarihi, kamar yadda daya daga cikin dalilan da ya rinjayi da shan kashi na Faransa sojojin a cikin hunturu na 1812, dõmin ta kasance wata bacewar mashiga da kayan sojoji.

Ƙoƙarin bayyana sabon abu

A duk cikin sama lokuta, da aka samu a sabon abu na tin annoba. Mene ne wannan? A 1868, Academician Fritzsche gabatar da rahoton a taron na St. Petersburg Academy. A da shi, da ya yi magana game da yadda za a jirgin kasa da aka gano foda maimakon tin sanduna kamar yadda mashiga warwatse a soja sito. Bayan jawabin nasa ga Academy ya zo da wata babbar yawan irin wannan saƙonni. Su duka suka zo daga sassa daban daban na Turai, da kuma wasu - ko da daga Arewacin Amirka. An ce, a tsakiyar zamanai m churchmen yi imani da cewa tin annoba - ne tasiri a kan karfe da duhu sojojin da suka haddasa mayya. A sa na wani barrantacce da mata sun kone a kan gungumen azaba. Amma tare da m cin gaban kimiyya Wauta na wadannan da'awar shi ya zama ƙara bayyana. Duk da haka, don bayyana yadda akwai wani tin annoba da cewa shi ne, masana kimiyya iya ba na dogon lokaci. Research tsananta, bayan mutuwar Scott ta tawagar. Gaskiyar cewa gwangwani, wanda ya kananzir, aka hatimce tin. Metal juya a cikin wani foda da ruwa ya kwararo.

karfe Structure

Kawai bayan yin amfani da X-ray bincike, masana kimiyya sun iya bayyana yadda akwai wani tin annoba. Wannan sabon abu ne saboda da takamaiman tsarin da karfe. X-ray bincike ya yarda ya duba cikin abubuwa to gano su crystalline tsari. A sakamakon wata kimiyya bayani na sabon abu da aka tsara. Da masu bincike gano cewa, wani karfe iya daban-daban crystalline siffofin. A mafi barga gyara a al'ada (dakin) zafin jiki ko wani dagagge zafin jiki ne tin. Wannan ƙarfe ne da danko sosai da kuma roba. Idan da zazzabi saukad da ke ƙasa 13 deg., The crystal raga farawa da za a kerata. Sunadaran ana shirya a sarari a wuri mai nisa. Kafa wani sabon canji na karfe - m tin. Yana hasarar da asali Properties. A gaskiya, da karfe daina zama da kuma zama wani semiconductor. A yankunan da lamba daban-daban crystal lattices da ciwon ciki gajiyan. Sun kai ga fatattaka daga cikin tsarin. A sakamakon haka, da karfe disintegrates cikin foda. Kuma akwai tin annoba.

nuances

Ba dole ne a ce cewa tin annoba, photos aka gabatar a wani labarin rarraba da sauri isa (kusan kamar annoba a cikin mutane). Hasken Rana daya gyara ga wasu, maimakon runtse da yanayi zazzabi. Its iyakar hira kudi kai a -33 digiri. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa sanyi don haka da sauri aikatã game da duk kayayyakin. A wannan yanayin, tin annoba ne motsi daga "rashin lafiya" abubuwa to "m". Wannan sabon abu ya lalace da yawa daga cikin mafi muhimmanci tarin na wasan yara sojoji. Alal misali, mutane da dama ne Figures juya zuwa foda a archives na gidan kayan gargajiya Suvorov a St. Petersburg. Yana faru daga cewa daya hunturu a cikin ginshiki fashe baturi.

"Medicine" daga annoba

Masana kimiyya sun aka yi ta neman yadda za a hana "cuta" na karfe. Daga cikin halin da ake ciki samu Birtaniya Kungiya na masana'antun. Halitta su ne wani sabon gami. A haɗe zuwa tin karfe, ta tabbatar da dorewar Properties na nonconstant. A sabon gami da ake kira "pewter". Yana hada da 95% tin, 2% jan karfe da kuma 5% antimony. Pewter da ake amfani a yi kayan ado, iyali abubuwa, glassware da sauransu. An ce, duk da sanannen Amurka ta Cup, kazalika da figurines "Oscar" an sanya na pewter, sa'an nan an rufe tare da azurfa da zinariya plating. Sai suka ba su ji tsoron wani tin annoba.