Mene ne surface na Mars? Yana kama da farfajiya Mars?

Shimmering a cikin kwanaki na adawa sinister jini-ja da mai kira m sufi tsoron enigmatic da m star cewa tsoho Romawa mai suna a cikin girmamawa ga Allah na yaki Mars (Ares a Greek), zai wuya ya yiwuwa ga wani mace da sunan. Helenawa kuma kira shi Phaeton for "annuri kuma haske" bayyanar cewa surface Mars zamar masa dole ya mai haske launi da kuma "Lunar" ƙasa da volcanic craters, dents daga naushe giant meteorites, kwari da Hamada.

A orbital halaye

A eccentricity na elliptical kewayewa ne 0.0934 Mars, haddasa haka matsakaicin bambancin (249 miliyan km) da kuma m (207 miliyan km) na nisa daga rana, saboda abin da adadin masu shigowa hasken rana ga duniya dabam a cikin kewayon 20-30%.

orbital gudu talakawan na 24,13 km / s. Mares gaba daya encircles da rana domin nazarin sasannin kwanaki 686,98, wanda ya wuce tsawon cikin ƙasa sau biyu, kuma ya jũya a kusa da kansa axis ne kusan guda a matsayin ƙasa (24 h 37 min). A karkata zuwa ga ecliptic na daban-daban kimomi aka ƙaddara daga 1,51 ° zuwa 1,85 °, da kuma karkata zuwa ga ekweita na 1.093 °. Sun dangi zuwa ekweita na Mars kewayewa karkata a 5,65 ° (da Earth - game 7 °). Muhimmanci karkata planetary ekweita zuwa sararin samaniya jirgin sama (25,2 °) take kaiwa zuwa muhimmanci canje-canje a cikin yanayi sauyin yanayi.

Jiki sigogi na duniya

Mars tsakanin taurari da hasken rana tsarin size ne ta bakwai kuma ta nesa daga Sun bautarka na hudu matsayi. Planet girma ne 1,638 × 1011 cubic kilomita, da kuma nauyi 0,105-0,108 duniya taro (6.44 * 1023 kg), ba shi da wani yawa na game da 30% (3.95 g / cm ^3). Gravitational hanzari a ekweita na Mars m a cikin kewayon 3.711 zuwa 3.76 m / s². A surface yankin da aka kiyasta a 144 800 000 km². Yanayi matsa lamba dabam tsakanin 0.7-0.9 kPa. The gudun ake bukata don shawo kan nauyi (na biyu sarari) - 5072 m / s. A kudancin yammancin duniya na Mars surface zuwa wani talakawan of 3-4 km fi a arewa.

yanayin damina

A total taro na Mars yanayi ne game da 2.5 x 1016 kg, amma a ko'ina cikin shekara ta dabam ƙwarai saboda narkewa ko "fassara a matsayin misãlin" dauke da carbon dioxide iyakacin duniya iyakoki. A nufin matsa lamba a matakin surface (game da 6.1 mbar) a kusan 160 sau kasa da cewa a kusa da surface na duniya tamu, amma a zurfin daruna kai 10 mbar. A cewar daban-daban kafofin, yanayi matsa lamba bambance-bambance jere daga 4.0 zuwa 10 mbar.

A 95.32% Mars yanayi kunshi carbon dioxide, game da 4% daga argon sulusi da murabba'i da nitrogen da oxygen tare da ruwa tururi ne kasa da 0.2%.

Silnorazrezhennaya yanayi ba zai iya dogon riƙe zafi. Duk da "zafi launi", wanda tsaye daga tsakanin sauran duniya Mars, da farfajiya da zazzabi saukad da a hunturu ga -160 ° C a iyakacin duniya da kuma ekweita a lokacin rani, da farfajiya iya kawai dumi to + 30 ° C a cikin rãna.

A sauyin yanayi ne yanayi, kamar yadda a duniya, amma elongation daga cikin sarari guda na Mars take kaiwa zuwa bambanci a tsawon kuma zazzabi yanayi na yanayi. Cool bazara da kuma bazara na Arewa Hemisphere a karshe ya kafa muhimmanci fiye da rabin wata Martian shekara (371 Mars. Per rana), da kuma hunturu zuwa kaka ne takaice da kuma m. Kudu zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma short, da kuma hunturu ne sanyi da kuma dogon.

Yanayi sauyin yanayi canje-canje mafi fili bayyana a cikin hali na iyakacin duniya iyakoki da suya kankara doped da lafiya, kura-kamar barbashi na kankara. A gaban arewa iyakacin duniya hula za a iya cire daga iyakacin duniya da kusan kashi daya cikin uku na nesa daga ekweita da kuma kudancin iyakar hula zo zuwa rabin wannan nesa.

Ma'aunin zafi da sanyio located daidai a mayar da hankali nuna nesa kusa da nufin Mars, duniya ta surface zazzabi aka ƙaddara riga a farkon 20-ies karni na karshe. A farko ji (har zuwa 1924) ya nuna dabi'u na -13 zuwa -28 ° C, da kuma a 1976 ƙananan kuma babba zafin jiki iyaka da aka kayyade komai a fili a kan Mars kumbon sama jannati "Viking".

Martian ƙura hadari

"Fallasa" ƙura hadari, su size da kuma hali ya taimaka fallasa asirin cewa ya dade kiyaye Mars. A surface na duniya mysteriously canjãwa launi daga zamanin da bewitching kallo. Hanyar "hameleonstva" zama turɓãya hadari.

Kwatsam canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki ne duniya Red binge sa iskar tsakuwa, wanda bugun har zuwa 100 m / s, yayin da low nauyi, duk da iska-sparseness damar iskõki don ya dauke manyan talakawa daga turɓãya zuwa tsawo na fiye da 10 km.

Nucleation ƙura hadari kuma taimaka wa wani ban mamaki karuwa a yanayi matsa lamba sa da danshin da daskararre carbon dioxide hunturu iyakacin duniya iyakoki.

Dust raƙuman ruwa, kamar show images of surface Mars, spatially gravitate zuwa iyakacin duniya iyakoki da kuma iya rufe babbar yanki, ci gaba da kwanaki 100.

Wani janye daga turɓãya, wanda dole ne Mars mahaukaci zazzabi hawa da sauka ne tornadoes, wanda da bambanci don nazarin sasannin "abokan aiki" yawon ba kawai a kowa yankunan, amma kuma shirya a kan gangara na volcanic craters da kuma tasiri craters, farga har zuwa 8 km. Su waƙoƙi da aka eloquently hada baki giant zane cewa sun dade zauna m.

Dust hadari da tornadoes faruwa da mafi yawa, a lokacin babban fama lokacin da a kudancin yammancin duniya bazara asusun ga tsawon Mars ta hanyar mafi kusa nufi ga Sun, duniya ta kewayewa (perihelion).

Mai dausayi a kan tornadoes sun images of surface Mars sanya ta kumbon sama jannati Mars Global Surveyor, wanda aka orbiting duniya tun 1997.

Wasu tornadoes bar burbushi, gaggarumar ko tsotsa a cikin sako-sako da surface Layer da lafiya barbashi na kasar gona, wasu ba su ma bar "yatsa", da sauransu, bugãwa, tanã jawo m Figures, da abin da suka mai suna kura da aljannu. Vortices aiki, yawanci shi kadai, amma kuma a kan kungiyar "ra'ayoyin" kada ku daina.

taimako siffofin

Zai yiwu dukan waɗanda suke, dauke da makamai da wani iko kawo nesa kusa, da farko ya dube Mars, duniya ta surface nan da nan tunãtar Lunar faɗi, kuma a yankunan da yawa wannan gaskiya ne, amma har yanzu geomorphology na Mars rarrabe da musamman.

Regional taimako siffofi duniya jeri na bangaren saboda da surface. Tanƙwasãwa lebur surface na arewacin yammancin duniya a kasa yanaye sifili matakin 2-3 km, kuma a kudancin yammancin duniya wuya craters, kwaruruka, canyons, kwari da tudu a kan surface 3-4 km sama da baseline. A mi} a mulki zone tsakanin biyu hemispheres nisa na 100-500 km karfi bayyana morphologically eroded giant kafada tsawo na game 2 km, rufe kusan 2/3 na karkara na duniya da kuma a gano Laifi tsarin.

The m siffofin taimako, characterizing surface Mars, buga daban-daban Farawa flecked craters, hollows da bumps, da tura Tsarin madauwari depressions (multiring waha), da linearly elongated bumps (ridges) da kuma irregularly dimbin yawa depressions m gangara.

Tartsatsi karfafa lebur-shugaba tare da m gefuna (mesas), sararin lebur craters (garkuwa volcanoes) tare da eroded gangara, Tuddan kwarin da aikin gandu da hannayen riga sahu Upland (tudu) da kuma yankin na da ka alternating kanyon-kamar kwarin (mazes).

Halayyar Mars suna kasawa da kuma bakin ciki tare da wani m da kuma formless taimako, tsawo, rikitarwa tsarin mataki (jini), jerin sub-layi daya ridges da GROOVES, kazalika da sararin filayen quite "duniya" bayyanar.

Madauwari bakin dutse daruna da kuma manyan (fiye da 15 km a diamita) craters an kayyade morphological Tsarin domin mafi yawan kudancin yammancin duniya.

A mafi yankuna na duniya tare da sunayen da Tarshish, da Elysium ne a arewacin yammancin duniya da kuma su ne babbar volcanic tudu. Tarshish Filato, yake kallon bayyana kewaye kusan 6 km, lullube tare da longitude na 4000 km da kuma 3000 km stretches a latitud. A kan tudu akwai 4 giant aman wuta tsawo na 6.8 km (Mount Alba) zuwa 21.2 km (Olympia, 540 km diamita). Da na fi duwãtsu (volcanoes) Pavlin / Pavonis (Pavonis), Askriyskaya (Ascraeus) da kuma Arsiya (Arsia) ne a tsawon 14, 18 da kuma 19 km, bi da bi. Dutsen Alba tsaye zuwa arewa maso yammacin na tsananin yawan sauran volcanoes da volcanic panel jirgin ne tsarin game da 1500 km a diamita. Aman wuta Olympus (Olympus) - mafi girma dutsen ba kawai a kan Mars, amma a ko'ina cikin hasken rana tsarin.

Daga gabas da yamma, da Tarshish m biyu m meridional ciki. Mark surface na yammacin filayen da Amazon da da sunan kusa da sifili matakin na duniya, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci sassa na gabashin ciki (a fili Chryse) kasa da sifili matakin at 2-3 km.

A Equatorial yankin na Mars zubar biyu mafi girma a volcanic Elysium Filato na game da 1500 km a diamita. Filato jutting sama da tushe na 4-5 km, kuma daukawa mai uku volcanoes (zahiri Dutsen Eliza Albor Tholus da dutsen Hecate). A mafi dutsen Elysium karu zuwa 14 km.

Don gabas na kan tudu da Tarshish a Equatorial yankin lullube wani gigantic sikelin Mars (kusan 5 km) riftoobraznaya tsarin na kwaruruka (canyons) Mariner, shi ne fiye da daya daga cikin mafi girma a Duniya Grand Canyon ne kusan sau 10 da kuma 7 sau fadi da zurfi. Nisa daga kwaruruka a kan talakawan 100 km, da kuma kusan tsaye bangarorin su zana hotunan isa wani tsawo na 2 km. Ƙirgar Tsarin nuna cewa su ne na tectonic asalin.

A cikin tsaunuka na kudancin yammancin duniya, inda surface Mars kawai barjat craters, su ne mafi girma a duniya circularity tasiri na ciki da sunayen Argir (game da 1500 km) da kuma Hellas (2,300 kilomita).

Bayyana Ellada deepest depressions duniya (kusan 7,000 mita kasa da talakawan) faƙo Argyre haddi dangi zuwa ga matakin na kewaye elevations ne 5.2 km. Similar taso kwaruruka bayyana daga Isis (1100 km a diamita), dake a cikin Equatorial yankin na gabashin yammancin duniya na duniya da kuma a cikin arewa na bayyana m ga Elysium.

Mars aka sani har yanzu game da 40 wannan Multi-zobe daruna, amma karami.

A arewacin yammancin duniya ne mafi girma a duniya Bayyana (Northern Bayyana), iyaka na iyakacin duniya yankin. Alamomi ne a fili a kasa da sifiri matakin surface.

aeolian shimfidar

Ba zai zama da wuya a cikin 'yan kalmomi zuwa faye hali da farfajiya na Duniya, Magana game da duniya a matsayin dukan, amma don samun wani ra'ayin abin da farfajiya Mars, za ka iya, idan ka kawai kira ta m da bushe, m-kasa-kasa, stony da yashi hamada, saboda dissected topography na duniya da aka saka a mota, sako-sako da alluvial adibas.

Aeolian shimfidar hada da yashi, kuma ƙura tonkoalevritovym abu da kuma kafa a sakamakon iska aiki, rufe kusan dukan duniya. Wannan al'ada (a cikin ƙasa) dunes (mai gangara, a tsaye kuma diagonal) a cikin size daga 'yan ɗari mita zuwa 10 km, kazalika da laminates eolian-glacial adibas iyakacin duniya iyakoki. Musamman taimako, "halitta Eolom", ƙare ga rufaffiyar Tsarin - da bottoms da manyan tsaunuka da kuma craters.

Morphological ayyukan wind, tabbatas da peculiar fasali na Mars, bayyana da kuma m yashewa (deflation), wanda ya haifar da samuwar halayyar "kwarzana" salula saman da mikakke Tsarin.

Lebur eolian-glacial samuwar folded gauraye da hazo kankara cover da iyakacin duniya iyakoki na duniya. Ƙãruwa kiyasta a 'yan km.

Sashen halaye na surface

A cewar daya daga data kasance zamani shiriritar abun da ke ciki da kuma yanki tsarin Mars farko primary abu smelt ciki duniya kananan kwaya kunsha, yafi na baƙin ƙarfe, nickel, da kuma sulfur. Sa'an nan, a kusa da tsakiya kafa kama abun da ke ciki kauri daga cikin lithosphere tare da ɓawon burodi na game da 1000 km, wanda shi ne wata ila, da kuma a yau ya ci gaba da volcanic aiki a kan surface da a saki dukkan sabon rabo daga cikin magma. A kauri daga cikin Martian ɓawon burodi da aka kiyasta a 50-100 km.

Tun da mutane suka fara kalle da haske taurari, masana kimiyya, kazalika da duk makwabta ne ba ruwanta da fadaddiyar mutane, a cikin wasu asirai, da farko sha'awar abin da farfajiya Mars.

Kusan dukan duniya mai rufi Layer brownish yellow-ja ƙura admixture da tonkoalevritovogo da yashi abu. Babban aka gyara su ne sako-sako da ƙasa silicates tare da manyan admixture na baƙin ƙarfe oxides, wanda ba surface wani m tint.

A cewar da yawa nazarin za'ayi da kumbon sama jannati, da vibrations na elemental abun da ke ciki na unconsolidated laka surface Layer na wani taurãro ne ba don haka mai girma kamar yadda ya bayar da shawarar a fadi da dama ma'adinai abun da ke ciki na kankara cewa, samar da Martian ɓawon burodi.

Shigar a cikin ƙasa talakawan silicon ciki (21%), da baƙin ƙarfe (12.7%), magnesium (5%), alli (4%), alumina (3%), sulfur (3.1%), kuma potassium da chlorine (<1%) ya nuna cewa da tushe surface na unconsolidated sediments dokoki kayayyakin da halaka da kuma volcanic kankara na igneous asali abun da ke ciki kusa da qasa basalt. A farko, masana kimiyya sun tambayi gwaji bambantawa na dutse harsashi na duniya a cikin ma'adinai abun da ke ciki, duk da haka, da za'ayi a cikin tsarin na Mars bincike Rover (USA) bedrock na Mars bincike ya jagoranci wani abin sa mamaki samu daga nazarin sasannin analogues na andesites (talakawan abun da ke ciki na kankara).

Wannan bincike, baya tabbatar da irin wannan binciken yawa breeds bada hukunci da cewa Mars, kamar Duniya ta ɓawon burodi iya yi bambanta, la'akari da matsayin gagarumin abun ciki na aluminum, silicon da potassium.

Bisa wata babbar lamba na hotuna dauka da kumbon sama jannati za su tantance abin da ya ƙunshi surface Mars, tsakanin igneous da volcanic kankara, da duniyar da bayyane gaban volcanosedimentary kankara da kuma sediments cewa an gane da halayyar platy dabam da lamination exposures, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa.

A yanayi na stratification na kankara iya nuna samuwarsu a tekuna da tabkuna. Areas na laka rubuce a sassa da dama na duniya, kuma mafi sau da yawa an same su a cikin manyan craters.

Masana kimiyya kada ka ware da kuma "bushe" sludge samuwar Martian kura da su kara lithification (petrifaction).

sanyi samuwar

A wuri na musamman a cikin Martian surface ilimin halittar jiki dauki sanyi samuwar, mafi yawan abin da ya bayyana a matakai daban-daban na yanki tarihi na duniya a sakamakon tectonic ƙungiyoyi da kuma rinjayar exogenous dalilai.

A kan tushen da babban yawan tauraron dan adam images, masana kimiyya sun hada baki ƙarasa da cewa samuwar bayyanar Mars, tare da volcanic aiki muhimmiyar rawa nasa ne da ruwa. volcanic eruptions kai ga narkewa na kankara, wanda, bi da bi, shi ne ci gaban da ruwa yashwa, burbushi na wanda za a iya gani a yau.

Gaskiyar cewa permafrost a duniyar Mars kafa a farko matakai na yanki tarihi na duniya, bisa ga ba kawai na iyakacin duniya kankara iyakoki, amma kuma takamaiman siffofin taimako, kama da wuri mai faɗi a cikin permafrost yankuna a duniya.

Swirls, da ilimi, da abin da yake cikin look a kan tauraron dan adam images lebur adibas a iyakacin duniya yankuna na duniya, a kusa ne a tsarin da baranda, zana hotunan da depressions, forming wani salo da dama.

Adibas iyakacin duniya iyakoki da ikon da dama kilomita yadudduka kunshi carbon dioxide da ruwa kankara, gauraye da silt da tonkoalevritovym hotuna.

Tare da cryogenic karaya aiwatar jerin nasaba provalno-sagging landforms halayyar da Equatorial sashi na Mars.

Ruwa a duniyar Mars

A mafi yawan surface na Mars, ruwa zai iya zama a cikin ruwa a jihar saboda low matsa lamba, amma a wasu yankunan, total yanki na game da 30% na yankin na duniya NASA kwararru izinin ruwa ruwa.

Dogara kafa a halin yanzu ruwa reserves a duniyar Mars ne, yafi mayar da hankali a cikin farfajiya Layer na permafrost (cryosphere) tare da damar zuwa yawa daruruwan mita.

Masana kimiyya kada ka ware da wanzuwar relict tabkuna na ruwa ruwa da kuma karkashin yadudduka na iyakacin duniya iyakoki. Bisa ga lasafta girma cryolithosphere Mars ruwa kayayyaki (kankara) da aka kiyasta a 77 da miliyan cubic kilomita, kuma idan muka yi la'akari da m girma na thawed kankara, wannan adadi za a iya rage zuwa miliyan 54 cubic kilomita.

Bugu da kari, an yi imani cewa, a karkashin cryolithosphere iya zama kududdufai ga babbar reserves na gishiri da ruwa.

A yawa na shaida da shawara gaban ruwa a duniya ta surface a baya. Babban shaida ne ma'adanai, da samuwar wanda ya shafi sa hannu na ruwa. Wannan shi ne da farko hematite, lãka ma'adanai da kuma sulfates.

Martian girgije

A total adadin ruwa a cikin yanayi, "desiccated" duniya fiye da miliyan 100 sau karami fiye a duniya, kuma duk da haka surface na Mars aka rufe kuma bari rare inconspicuous, amma ko da wadannan bluish girgije, duk da haka, tattare da kankara ƙura. Snow da aka kafa a wata fadi da kewayon Heights daga 10 zuwa 100 km da kuma mayar da hankali, yafi a cikin Equatorial bel, da wuya mafitar sama 30 km.

Ice hazo da kuma girgije ne na kowa da kuma kusa da iyakacin duniya iyakoki a cikin hunturu (iyakacin duniya duhu), amma a nan za su iya "nutse" a kasa 10 km.

Clouds za a iya canza launin a cikin kodadde ruwan hoda launi lokacin da kankara barbashi an gauraye da ƙurar daga surface.

Rubuce girgije na daban-daban siffofi, ciki har da wavy, taguwar da kuma feathered.

Martian wuri mai faɗi daga tsawo na 'yan adam girma

Domin da farko lokacin da za a gani, Yana kama da farfajiya Mars tare da tsawo na mai tsayi mutum (2.1 m) a yarda m kyamara "hannunka" Rover son sani, a 2012. Kafin mamaki idanu na robot bayyana "yashi", gravelly, gravelly bayyana, cike da gidajen gona da kananan pebbles, tare da riqo na wuccin outcrops na lebur, watakila 'yan asalin, volcanic kankara.

Maras ban sha'awa da kuma monotonous juna a kan daya gefen enlivened m kunya gefen bakin dutse Gale, da kuma a kan sauran - pologosklonnaya Hulk Dutsen Sharp 5.5 km high, wanda shi ne abu na farauta kumbon sama jannati.

Zayyana hanya a kan tushe na bakin dutse, da mawallafa na aikin, a fili ba su sani ba cewa surface Mars, dauka Rover son sani, zai zama kamar bambancin da iri-irin sabanin jira a ga kawai maras ban sha'awa da kuma monotonous hamada.

A kan ta hanyar Dutsen Sharpe robot da shawo kan karayar, platy planar saman gangaren tako gangara volcanosedimentary (kuna hukunta da hanyõyi irin zane a kan kwakwalwan kwamfuta) kankara, da kuma blocky rududdugaggu duhu bluish volcanites raga surface.

The na'urar a cikin shakka daga kora "da aka jera a saman" hari (cobbles) Laser hatsaisai da ya fadi na sukar wani kananan rami (har zuwa 7 cm zurfi) a nazarin littattafai abun da ke ciki na samfurori. Analysis na wannan abu, a Bugu da kari ga abinda ke ciki na dutse-kafa abubuwa halayyar asali kankara (basalt), ya nuna gaban sulfur mahadi, nitrogen, carbon, chlorine, methane, hydrogen da phosphorus, cewa shi ne "zaune aka gyara".

Bugu da ƙari kuma, lãka ma'adanai kafa a gaban ruwa da tsaki acid darajar da karamin taro na salts da aka samu.

Bisa ga wadannan bayanan a hade tare da baya samu bayanai lankwasa masana kimiyya ƙarasa da cewa biliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce a kan surface Mars kasance ruwa ruwa da kuma da yawa daga cikin yanayi ne yafi hakan yanzu.

The safe star of Mars

Tun May 2003, tafiya a duniya a hoto na wani blue jinjirin wata Duniya, sanya ta Mars Global Surveyor kumbon sama jannati zuwa kewayewa da Red Planet a cikin nesa 139 miliyan km da yawa, wannan ya nuna cewa shi ne daidai abin da Earth kama daga surface na Mars.

Amma a gaskiya, mu duniya ya dubi daga wurin game da hanyar da muka gani Venus a sãfe da maraice hours, kawai na haskakawa cikin brownish baki Martian sama kadai (ba kirgawa kadan discernible watã), a kananan batu kadan haske fiye da Venus.

A hoto na farko na Duniya daga surface da aka za'ayi a farkon hours a kan jirgin Ruhu Rover a watan Maris 2004, a matsayin kumbon sama jannati son sani Duniya "a hannu na Moon" shirya kai a shekarar 2012, kuma ya jũya daga mafi "kyakkyawan" fiye da na farko.