X-ray kafofin. Ne X-ray tube tushen ionizing radiation?

A ko'ina cikin tarihin rayuwar on Earth kwayoyin suna kaiwa da komowar cosmic haskoki da kuma ilimi da su a cikin wani yanayi na radionuclides, da kuma radiation a ko'ina cikin sauƙi abin da ke faruwa abubuwa. Modern rai da aka gyara ga duk na fasali da kuma gazawar da muhalli, ciki har da ta halitta kafofin na X-haskoki.

Duk da cewa babban matakin radiation, ba shakka, cutarwa ga jiki, wasu iri radiation suna da muhimmanci ga rayuwar. Alal misali, baya radiation ya gudummawar da muhimman hakkokin sinadaran da nazarin halittu juyin halitta. Har ila yau, a bayyane ne da cewa zafin da Duniya ta core aka bayar da kuma kiyaye ta lalace zafi na farko, da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa radionuclides.

cosmic haskoki

Radiation na Extraterrestrial asalin, wanda ci gaba da bombard da Earth, da ake kira cosmic.

A gaskiya cewa iya shiga radiation da dama a kan wannan duniya tamu daga m sarari, amma ba na nazarin sasannin asali, da aka samu a gwaje-gwajen don auna ionization a daban-daban altitudes, daga teku matakin zuwa 9,000 m. An gano cewa da tsanani da ionizing radiation an rage zuwa tsawo na 700 m, da kuma ci gaba da hawa hanzari karu. A farko ƙi za a iya dangana ga wani karu a cikin tsanani da terrestrial gamma haskoki da kuma karuwa - cosmic.

X-ray kafofin a sarari kamar haka:

• kungiyar taurari.
• Seyfert taurari.
• rãnã.
• taurãri.
• quasars.
• baki ramuka.
• supernova saurã.
• fari dwarfs.
• duhu taurari da sauransu.

Evidence da irin radiation, misali, shi ne ƙara da cosmic ray tsanani lura a duniya bayan flares. Amma mu star ba wani matayi gagarumi wa jimlar juyi, kamar yadda ta kullum bambancin ne kadan.

Iri biyu bim

Cosmic haskoki kasu kashi Firamare. Radiation ba hulɗa tare da kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi ko hydrosphere lithosphere na Duniya, da ake kira primary. Ya kunshi protons (≈ 85%) kuma alpha-barbashi (≈ 14%), da yawa karami gudana (<1%) heavier nuclei. Secondary cosmic X haskoki, radiation kafofin wanda - da farko radiation kuma yanayi ta kunshi subatomic barbashi kamar pions, muons da electrons. A teku matakin, kusan duk na kiyaye radiation qunshi sakandare cosmic haskoki 68% na abin da aka lissafta ga muons da kuma 30% - by electrons. Kasa da 1% na kwarara a teku matakin kunshi protons.

Primary cosmic haskoki ayan da gagarumin sanadin motsi makamashi. Suna gaskiya ma cajin da kuma samun makamashi saboda hanzari a Magnetic filayen. A cikin injin na sarari caje barbashi iya tsira ga tsawo, da kuma tafiya miliyoyin haske shekaru. A wannan jirgin, su karɓo su high sanadin motsi makamashi na domin na 2-30 GeV (1 GeV = Satumba ¹⁰ maddî). Mutum barbashi da kuzari har zuwa 10 ¹⁰ GeV.

A high makamashi na farko cosmic haskoki da damar su a zahiri raba karo na kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayin duniya. Tare da neutrons, protons, kuma subatomic barbashi za a iya kafa m abubuwa kamar hydrogen, helium, kuma beryllium. Muons ko da yaushe caje, kuma da sauri lalace cikin electrons ko positrons.

Magnetic garkuwa

A tsanani na cosmic haskoki da Yunƙurin sharply ya kai a kalla a game da 20 km. 20 km zuwa saman da yanayi (har zuwa 50 km), da tsanani rage-rage.

Wannan juna ne saboda ya karu samar da sakandare radiation ta kara iska yawa. A tsawon 20 km babban rabo daga primary radiation ya shiga hulda, da kuma tsanani rage daga 20 km zuwa teku matakin nuna fahimta da sakandare bim yanayi, daidai game da mita 10 ruwa Layer.

A radiation tsanani ne ma alaka Latitude. A daidai wannan tsawo cosmic kwarara ƙaruwa daga ekweita zuwa Latitude 50-60 °, ya zauna, akai har zuwa sandunan. Wannan shi ne saboda da siffar da Magnetic filin na Duniya da kuma rarraba da primary radiation iko. Magnetic Lines na karfi fiye da yanayi ne kullum layi daya da ƙasã ta surface a ekweita da perpendicular zuwa sandunan. Caje barbashi sauƙi matsawa tare Magnetic filin Lines, amma tare da wahala a shawo kan ta gangara shugabanci. Daga sandunan zuwa 60 °, kusan duk na farko radiation kai cikin yanayin duniya, da kuma a ekweita kawai barbashi tare da kuzari wucewa 15 GeV, zai iya shiga ta hanyar da Magnetic garkuwa.

Secondary kafofin na X-haskoki

A sakamakon da hulda da cosmic haskoki da al'amari ci gaba da samar da wani gagarumin adadin radionuclides. Mafi yawansu, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa, amma wasu daga cikinsu suna kafa ta kunnawa da barga kwayoyin halitta da neutrons da muons. Halitta samar da radionuclides a cikin yanayi yayi dace da tsanani da cosmic radiation a tsawo da kuma latitud. Game da 70% na su zamanto a cikin stratosphere, da kuma 30% - a cikin troposphere.

Fãce H-3 da kuma C-14, radionuclides yawanci a sosai kananan yawa. Tritium aka diluted da kuma gauraye da ruwa da kuma H 2, da kuma C-14 hadawa da oxygen ta samar da CO _2, abin da ya garwaya da carbon dioxide yanayi. Carbon-14 ya shiga cikin shuka ta hanyar photosynthesis.

radiation na Duniya

Na da yawa radionuclides cewa kafa Duniya, kawai 'yan da rabin rayuwa tsawon isa ya bayyana su a halin yanzu zama. Idan mu duniya da aka kafa game 6 biliyan shekaru da suka wuce, sun kasance a ma'auni yawa, na bukatar a rabin-rai na a kalla miliyan 100 shekara. Na farko radionuclides, wanda har yanzu samu, uku ne mafi muhimmanci. X-ray tushen ne a K-40, U-238 da kuma Th-232. Uranium da kuma thorium lalata sarkar, kowane nau'i kayayyakin da suke kusan ko da yaushe a gaban asali isotope. Ko da yake da yawa daga cikin 'yar radionuclides ne short-rayu, su ne na kowa a cikin yanayi, saboda shi ne kullum kafa daga dogon-rayu precursors.

Sauran dogon-rayu asali X-ray kafofin, a takaice, su ne a sosai low yawa. Wannan RB-87, La-138, Ce-142, SM-147, Lu-176, da kuma sauransu. D. halitta abin da ke faruwa neutrons samar da wasu radionuclides, amma su maida hankali ne yawanci quite low. A wani aiki Oklo a Gabon, Afirka, located shaidar kasancewar na "halitta reactor" a cikin abin da makaman nukiliya halayen faruwa. Depletion na U-235 da kuma gaban fission kayayyakin a cikin arzikin uranium adibas, nuna cewa game da biliyan 2 da suka wuce, da akwai ya faru ne kwatsam fararwa sarkar dauki.

Duk da cewa asalin radionuclides ne ubiquitous, su maida hankali dogara da wuri. Babban tafki na halitta radioactivity ne lithosphere. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin lithosphere shi dabam da yawa. Wani lokaci yana da ake dangantawa da wasu iri mahadi da kuma ma'adanai, wani lokacin - musamman yanki, tare da kadan hulda da iri kankara da kuma ma'adanai.

Rarraba farko radionuclides da su 'yar kayayyakin a cikin halitta kunsa dogara a kan al'amurra da dama, ciki har da sinadaran Properties na nuclides, jiki da dalilai na yanayin kasa, kazalika da physiological da muhalli halayen Flora da fauna. Weathering na duwatsu, su main tafki SUPPLiES da ƙasa U, Th kuma K. Th da kuma U lalata kayayyakin an kuma shan kashi a cikin wannan shirin. Na ƙasa K, Ra, U bit, da kuma sosai kadan Th tunawa da shuke-shuke. Su yi amfani da potassium-40, kazalika da karko da kuma K. Radium, U-238 lalata samfur, amfani da shuka, ba domin yana da wani isotope, kuma tun da shi ne chemically kama da alli. Absorption na uranium da kuma thorium shuke-shuke yawanci kananan, tun wadannan radionuclides yawanci insoluble.

Radon

Mafi muhimmanci na duk kafofin na halitta radiation kashi ne m da odorless, ganuwa gas, wanda shi ne 8 sau mutum fiye da iska, Radon. Ya kunshi biyu main isotopes - Radon-222, daya daga cikin lalata kayayyakin da U-238 da kuma Radon-220, kafa ta lalace na Th-232.

Rocks, gona, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi emit Radon cikin yanayi. A gas ne samfurin na lalata da radium, da kuma samar a cikin wani abu da ya ƙunshi shi. Tun Radon - inert gas, zai iya yiwuwa a ware saman a lamba tare da yanayi. The adadin Radon, wanda fitowa ne daga wani ba taro na dutse ya dogara da adadin radium da surface area. Karamin da irin, da more shi zai iya saki Radon. Rn maida hankali a cikin iska a kusa radiysoderzhaschimi kayan ne ma dogara a kan iska gudu. A basements, kogwanni da mahakar, wanda da matalauta iska wurare dabam dabam, da maida hankali Radon iya isa gagarumin matakan.

RN sauri decomposes da suranta wani jerin 'yar radionuclides. Bayan samuwar yanayi Radon lalata kayayyakin da ake shiga da kananan barbashi daga turɓãya, wanda settles a kan ƙasa da kuma shuke-shuke, da kuma aka inhaled da dabbobi. Sama sosai musamman yadda ya kamata tsarkake iska daga rediyoaktif abubuwa, amma karo da shaida na aerosol barbashi kuma inganta su shaida.

A temperate canjin yanayin da, da maida hankali Radon a ɗaka a kan talakawan game 5-10 fiye da sau waje.

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, mutumin "artificially" samar da dama da ɗari radionuclides rakiyar X-ray radiation kafofin, Properties da aikace-aikace da ake amfani da magani, soja, ikon zamani, da kuma instrumentation ga ma'adinai bincike.

Mutane daya-daya effects mutum-sanya radiation kafofin dabam ƙwarai. Mafi yawan mutane samun mun gwada da kananan kashi na wucin gadi radiation, amma wasu - da yawa dubu sau da radiation na halitta kafofin. Man-sanya kafofin aka fi sarrafawa fiye da na halitta.

X-ray kafofin a magani

A masana'antu da kuma kiwon lafiya amfani, kamar yadda mai mulkin, kawai tsarki radionuclides, wanda simplifies da katin shaida na hanyoyin da za a zuba daga ajiya shafukan da zubar da tsari.

radiation aikace-aikace a magani ne tartsatsi da zai iya yiwuwar samun wani gagarumin tasiri. Wannan ya hada da X-ray kafofin amfani da magani domin:

• bincikowa da;
• far.
• hikimar tantance hanyoyin.
• pacing.

Domin bincike amfani kamar yadda kamfanoni, kazalika da fadi da dama rediyoaktif tracers. Wuraren kiwon lafiya yawanci rarrabe aikace-aikace kamar yadda Radiology da makaman nukiliya magani.

Ne X-ray tube tushen ionizing radiation? Lissafta tomography da fluoroscopy - sanannun bincike hanyoyin da ake yi da shi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin likita radiography, akwai da yawa aikace-aikace isotope kafofin ciki har da gamma da beta, da kuma gwaji neutron kafofin for lokuta inda X-ray inji ne m, shirin bai dace, ko zai iya zama haɗari. Daga cikin ra'ayi na Kare Mahalli, X-ray radiation ba hatsari muddin ta kafofin kasance da lissafi da kuma zubar da yadda ya kamata. A wannan girmamawa, da labarin abubuwa radium, Radon da needles radiysoderzhaschih luminescent mahadi ba ƙarfafa.

X-ray kafofin kan ⁹⁰ Sr ko ¹⁴⁷ PM amfani. Ana zargin ²⁵² CF matsayin mai ɗaukuwa neutron janareta neutron radiography sanya yadu samuwa, ko da yake a general, wannan hanya ne har yanzu dauke da dogara a kan samuwar makaman nukiliya nukiliya.

nukiliya magani

Babban hatsarin da muhalli tasiri ne radioisotope tasirin a nukiliya magani da kuma X-ray kafofin. Misalai a ke so sakamako da wadannan:

• sakawa a iska mai guba na haƙuri.
• fiddawa na asibiti ma'aikata.
• sakawa a iska mai guba a lokacin shari rediyoaktif magunguna.
• tasiri a cikin masana'antu tsari.
• da tasiri na rediyoaktif tõzarta.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan da aka samu a hali don rage daukan hotuna na marasa lafiya ta hanyar bullo da short-rayu isotopes mafi tsallaka mayar da hankali ayyuka da kuma yin amfani da karin sosai sarrafa kayayyakin.

Karami rabin rayuwa rage rinjayar radioactive tun mafi yawan dogon-rayu abubuwa ne fitarwa ta hanyar da kodan.

A fili, da tasiri a kan yanayi ta hanyar da Sewerage tsarin ba ya dogara ne a kan ko haƙuri ne a asibiti ko a bi a kan wani outpatient akai. Ko da yake mafi yawan watsi da rediyoaktif abubuwa ne iya zama gajere, tarawa sakamako muhimmanci wuce matakin gurbatawa dukkan makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke a hade.

Da aka fi amfani radionuclides a magani - X-ray kafofin:

• ^99m Tc - Ana dubawa da kwanyar da kwakwalwa, cerebral jini Scan, zuciya, hanta, huhu, thyroid gland shine yake, placental sarrafawa.
• ¹³¹ I - jini, hanta scan, placental sarrafawa, scanning da kuma lura da thyroid.
• ⁵¹ Kr - tabbatar da dalilin da tsawon kasancewar ja jini Kwayoyin ko sequestration, jini girma.
• ⁵⁷ Co - Schilling samfurin.
• ³² P - metastasized zuwa kashi.

Tartsatsi amfani da radioimmunoassay hanyoyin radiation bincike na fitsari da kuma sauran bincike da hanyoyin yin amfani da labeled gudanar da mahadi muhimmanci karu da yin amfani da wani ruwa-scintillation shirye-shirye. Organic phosphorus mafita yawanci akan toluene ko xylene, qumshi da wani fairly manyan girma na ruwa Organic sharar gida wadda dole ne a zubar da. Processing a cikin ruwa tsari, shi ne yiwuwar m da kuma tsabtace muhalli unacceptable. Saboda wannan dalili, son ne da aka ba su vata incineration.

Tun dogon-rayu ³ H ko ¹⁴ C ne readily mai narkewa a cikin yanayi, da sakamako ne a cikin al'ada kewayo. Amma da tarawa sakamako iya zama gwaji.

Wani likita amfani da radionuclides - da amfani da plutonium batura domin auna bugun zuciya iko. Dubban mutane ne da rai a yau godiya ga cewa wadannan na'urorin taimaka aiki zukãtansu. Shãfe haske kafofin ²³⁸ PU (150 GBq) surgically shukakkun cikin marasa lafiya.

Industrial X-ray radiation: kafofin, Properties da aikace-aikace

Medicine - ba kawai yankin a cikin abin da ya sami yin amfani da wannan ɓangare na electromagnetic bakan. A babban ɓangare na mutum da aka yi radiation yanayi ana amfani da masana'antu radioisotopes da X-ray kafofin. Misalai na wannan aikace-aikacen:

• masana'antu radiography.
• radiation ji.
• hayaki gane.
• kai-luminous kayan.
• X-ray crystallography.
• Scanners ga duba kaya da kuma kayan rikewa a hannu.
• X-ray lasers.
• synchrotrons.
• cyclotrons.

Tunda mafi yawan wadannan aikace-aikace unsa da amfani da encapsulated isotopes, sakawa a iska mai guba faruwa a lokacin kawowa, canja, tabbatarwa da kuma yin amfani.

Ne X-ray tube tushen ionizing radiation a masana'antu? Haka ne, shi ne a yi amfani da wadanda ba hallakaswa filin jirgin sama kula da tsarin, a crystal bincike, kayan da Tsarin, masana'antu dubawa. Fiye da shekaru goma, kashi na radiation daukan hotuna a kimiyya da kuma masana'antu sun kai rabin darajar wannan nuna alama a magani. Saboda haka, a gagarumin taimako.

Encapsulated X-ray kafofin da kansu da kadan sakamako. Amma su sufuri da kuma zubar da gangami a lõkacin da aka rasa ko da gangan jefa a cikin dustbin. Irin wannan X-ray kafofin yawanci kawota da kuma shigar a cikin wani biyu-shãfe haske fayafai ko cylinders. A capsules an sanya daga bakin karfe da kuma bukatar lokaci-lokaci dubawa for leaks. Juyin iya zama matsala. Short-rayu kafofin iya ajiye da kuma lalata, amma ko da a wannan yanayin, da suka kamata a taso ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi, da kuma sauran aiki abu dole ne a zubar cikin wani lasisi makaman. In ba haka ba, da capsules ya kamata a aika zuwa qware cibiyoyin. Su kauri kayyade girman da aiki abu da kuma X-ray tushen ɓangare.

Storage sarari X-ray kafofin

A girma matsala ne hadari decommissioning da decontamination na masana'antu shafukan inda rediyoaktif kayan ana adana a baya. M shi a baya gina Enterprises for sarrafa nukiliya kayan, amma dole ne su kasance bangare na sauran masana'antu, kamar masana'antu don samar da kai-mai bayyanãwa tritium ãyõyi.

A musamman matsalar ne dogon-rayu low-matakin kafofin, wanda aka yadu rarraba. Alal misali, ²⁴¹ Am da aka yi amfani da hayaki gane. Bugu da kari ga Radon ne babban X-ray kafofin a cikin gida. Daidaiku ba su gabatar da wani hadari, amma wani gagarumin yawan su iya zama matsala a nan gaba.

nukiliya fashe

A cikin shekaru 50 da shekaru, kowane da aka hõre mataki na radiation daga rediyoaktif fallout lalacewa ta hanyar makaman nukiliya gwaji. Su peaked a 1954-1958 da kuma 1961-1962 shekaru.

A shekarar 1963, kasashe uku (Tarayyar Soviet, Amurka da kuma Birtaniya) rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a kan wani m ban a kan makaman nukiliya da gwaje-gwaje a cikin yanayi, tekuna da kuma m sarari. Kan gaba guda biyu da suka gabata, Faransa da kuma China gudanar da wani jerin yawa karami gwaji, wanda daina a 1980. Karkashin kasa da gwaje-gwaje har yanzu ake gudanar, amma da suka saba ba sa hazo.

Rediyoaktif samu bayan yanayi gwaje-gwaje fada a kusa da site na fashewa. A bangare, suka zauna a troposphere kuma suna ɗauke da iska duk faɗin duniya a wannan latitud. Kamar yadda muka matsa, suka fāɗi ƙasa, zama for game da wata daya a cikin iska. Amma mafi kyau part aka tura a cikin stratosphere, inda gurbatawa da ya rage ga da yawa watanni, da kuma saukar da sannu a hankali a fadin duniya.

A fallout hada da daruruwan daban-daban radionuclides, amma kawai kaɗan daga gare su sami damar aiki a kan jikin mutum, don haka su size ne sosai kananan, da kuma lalata shi ne m. C-14, Cs-137, ZR-95 da kuma Sr-90 ne mafi muhimmanci.

ZR-95 na da rabin-rai na 64 kwanaki, da kuma Cs-137 da kuma Sr-90 - game da shekaru 30. Kawai carbon-14 da rabin rai na 5730 shekaru zai zauna aiki a cikin m nan gaba.

makamashin nukiliya

Makamashin nukiliya shi ne mafi rigima da duk mutumin da aka yi da kafofin daga radiation, amma shi yana da matukar kananan taimako ga tasiri a kan mutum kiwon lafiya. A lokacin al'ada aiki na nukiliya da wuraren emit a cikin yanayi na karamin adadin radiation. A Fabrairu 2016, akwai 442 da aiki yakin makaman nukiliya reactors a kasashe 31, da kuma wani 66 ne a karkashin gini. Wannan shi ne kawai bangare na samar da sake zagayowar na nukiliya man fetur. Yana farawa tare da samar da nika na uranium tama da kuma kara da ƙiren ƙarya na nukiliya man fetur. Bayan yin amfani a ikon shuke-shuke Fuel Kwayoyin suna wani lokacin sarrafa domin dawo da uranium da kuma plutonium. A karshe, cikin zagayowar ƙare da zubar da sharar nukiliya. A kowane mataki na wannan sake zagayowar iya zuba rediyoaktif abu.

Game da rabi na duniya da samar da uranium tama zo daga bude rami, da sauran rabin - daga mahakar. An sa'an nan ƙasa a nan kusa Mills da cewa samar da manyan yawa na sharar gida - daruruwan miliyoyin tons. Wannan sharar gida ya zauna rediyoaktif ga miliyoyin shekaru bayan da kamfanin ya tsaya ta aiki, ko da yake radiation watsi ne mai matukar kananan sulusi da murabba'i na halitta bango.

Bayan nan, da uranium da aka canza kama zuwa man fetur ta kara aiki da tsarkakewa a kan mayar da hankali Mills. Wadannan matakai kai ga iska da kuma ruwa gurbatawa, amma suna da yawa kasa da a wasu matakai na man fetur sake zagayowar.