Mene ne mutum ido? A tsarin da ido

Ilimin Halittar Jiki al'amurran da suka shafi ko da yaushe aka wani amfani. Bayan duk, suka shafi kowannenmu kai tsaye. Kusan duk a kalla sau daya, amma ina sha'awar abin da yake a cikin ido. Yana - mafi m ji sashin jiki. Shi ne ta hanyar da idanu, gani, muna samun game da 90% na bayanai! Kawai 9% - tare da taimakon ji. Kuma 1% - by sauran jikinsu. To, da ido tsarin - yana da gaske mai ban sha'awa topic, don haka wajibi ne a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mai yawa daki-daki.

konkoma karãtunsa fãtun

Ya kamata ka fara da terminology. A adam ido ne guda biyu azanci shine sashin jiki wanda ta ji tsoron da electromagnetic radiation a Tantancewar kewayon wavelengths.

Ya kunshi da membranes kewaye ciki core na jiki. Wanne, bi da bi, ya hada da mai ruwa-ruwa dara, crystalline ruwan tabarau da kuma vitreous jiki. Amma wannan - kadan daga baya.

Magana ne game da abin da yake a cikin ido, musamman hankali ya kamata a biya su ta harsashi. Uku. A farko - waje. M, fibrous, shi a haɗe waje tsokoki na eyeball. Wannan harsashi yana da wani m aiki. Kuma duk da haka shi ne ta ke ta kayyade siffar da ido. Kunsha na cornea da sclera.

Tunica kira mafi jijiyoyin bugun gini. Shi ne ke da alhakin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, samar da abinci mai gina jiki ido. Ya kunshi da Iris, ciliary jiki da kuma choroid. A cibiyar ne almajiri.

Kuma ciki harsashi ne sau da yawa kira net. A tsoka mai amsa sigina na ido, da kuma a cikin abin da akwai da ji na haske da kuma watsa bayanai a CNS. A general, kamar yadda ba za ka iya gaya a takaice dai. Amma, tun kowane bangaren na jiki na da matukar muhimmanci, dole ne mu daidaiku shafi hankalin kowane daga cikinsu. Saboda haka don samun mafi riko ga abin da yake a cikin ido.

cornea

Saboda haka wannan shi ne - mafi convex ɓangare na eyeball, bangaren na cikin matsanancin membrane, kazalika da haske-refracting m matsakaici. Cornea kama wani convex-concave ruwan tabarau.

Its main bangaren - a connective nama stroma. Front cornea rufe da rabe epithelium. Duk da haka, kimiyya kalmomi ne mai sauqi qwarai cikin sharuddan ji, don haka shi ne mafi kyau ga bayyana da topic ne m. Babban kaddarorin da cornea - a sphericity, specularity, nuna gaskiya, ji na ƙwarai da rashin jini.

Duk na sama haddasawa da kuma "manufa" na wannan sashi na jiki. A hakika, cornea - shi ne kamar ruwan tabarau digital. Ko da a cikin tsarin su ne irin wannan domin biyu daya da kuma sauran wani ruwan tabarau cewa tattara da kuma mayar da hankali ga haske haskoki a cikin so shugabanci. Wannan ne aiki na refracting matsakaici.

Magana ne game da abin da yake a cikin ido, ba zai iya amma shafi hankalin da mummunan tasirin, da wanda ya ya magance. Cornea, msl, mafi m zuwa waje samuwar kasashe. Don zama mafi daidai - ga tur aya, canje-canje a lighting, iska da kuma datti. Da zaran wani abu ya canjãwa a cikin muhalli, to, akwai rufe daga cikin eyelids (Ƙibtawa), photophobia, da hawaye fara daga ƙarƙashinsu. Saboda haka, za mu iya ce kunna kariya da lalacewa.

kariya

A 'yan kalmomi ya kamata a ce game da hawaye. Wannan shi ne - da wata halitta nazarin halittu ruwa. Ta samar da lacrimal gland shine yake. A halayyar alama - a kananan Opalescence. Wannan Tantancewar sabon abu, ta hanyar abin da hasken ya fara dissipate tsanani, wanda ke shafar ingancin da image da kuma ji na muhalli. Lacrimal ruwa ne 99% ruwa. Kashi daya - da shi ne inorganic abu wanda yake magnesium carbonate, sodium chloride, da kuma wani alli phosphate.

Hawaye da antibacterial Properties. Suka wanke da eyeball. Kuma ta surface haka ya zauna kariya daga effects daga turɓãya, bažin abubuwa da kuma iska.

Wani bangaren na ido - ne gashin idanu. A babba fatar ido da yawan ne game da 150-250. A ƙasa - 50-150. Kuma babban aikin da gashin idanu ne guda a matsayin cewa daga cikin hawaye - m. Sun hana ingress na datti to surface na ido, yashi, ƙura, kuma a cikin akwati na dabbobi - ko da kananan kwari.

Iris

Saboda haka, a sama da aka gaya cewa, daga abin da matsanancin shafi na ido ne. Yanzu za ka iya gaya musu game da talakawan. Babu shakka, za mu yi magana game da Iris. Ta wani dabara da kuma motsi diaphragm. An located a baya da cornea da ido tsakanin kyamarori - kawai a gaban ruwan tabarau. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa shi kusan ba ya aika da haske.

A Iris aka yi sama da pigments cewa sanin da launi, da kuma madauwari tsokoki (saboda su takaita da almajiri). Af, wannan ɓangare na ido kuma sun hada da yadudduka. Biyu kawai daga cikinsu - mesodermal da ectodermal. Na farko shi ne alhakin da launi da idanu, kamar yadda ya ƙunshi melanin. Na biyu Layer ƙunshi pigment Kwayoyin fustsinom.

Idan mutum yana da idanu shude, sa'an nan ya ectodermal Layer na sako-sako da kuma ƙunshi kadan melanin. Wannan ya dafa ne sakamakon haske watsi a stroma. Ba zato ba tsammani, da ƙananan ta yawa - da ƙarin cikakken ne launi.

Blue idanu ne mutane tare da maye gurbi a cikin gene HERC2. Sun haifar da wani m na melanin. stromal yawa a cikin wannan yanayin ne ya fi a baya hali.

melanin a cikin mafi kore idanu. Af, a cikin samuwar launi taka muhimmiyar rawa na ja gashi gene. Pure koren launi ne sosai rare. Amma idan akwai akalla wata "ambato" zuwa ga inuwa, aka kira su a matsayin irin wannan.

Amma kuma mafi yawansu melanin dauke a cikin ruwan kasa idanu. Sun sha duk da haske. Kamar yadda tare da high kuma low mitoci. A nuna haske bada ruwan kasa inuwa. Af, mai ban mamaki, da yawa dubban shekaru da suka wuce, duk mutane sun kasa-kasa-sa ido.

Akwai baki. The idanu na dafa dauke da matsayin yawa melanin cewa duk shigar a cikin su da haske da ake tunawa gaba daya. Kuma ta hanyar, shi ne sau da yawa wani "abun da ke ciki" haddasawa a grayish ya dafa da eyeball.

choroid

Ya kamata kuma a lura da hankali, kuma ya gaya abin da yake a cikin adam ido. An ayi kawai a karkashin sclera (furotin harsashi). Its main alama - da masauki. Wannan ne, da ikon daidaita zuwa hanzari canza muhalli da yanayi. A wannan yanayin, shi yana nufin canza Refractive iko. Simple masauki bayyananne misali: idan muna so mu karanta abin da aka rubuta a kan kudin buga marufi - za mu iya dubi da kuma rarrabe kalmomi. Kana bukatar ganin wani abu a cikin nesa? Mu ma za su iya yi da shi. A wannan damar, shi ne mu ikon fili gane da abubuwa dake kan nesa.

Hakika, magana game da abin da yake a cikin adam ido, ba zai iya manta da game da almajiri. Shi ne kuma m "tsauri" ɓangare na shi. A diamita na almajiri ba gyarawa, amma yau da kullum takaita da widening. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa rafi na haske da cewa ya zo a cikin ido ne kayyade. Almajiri, mai sãɓãwar launukansa a cikin size, "hallaka" kuma haske rana ta haskoki a cikin sarari musamman rana, da kuma damar da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu a m weather ko da dare.

kamata ka sani

A kan irin wannan mai ban mamaki ɓangare na ido a matsayin almajiri, ya kamata mayar da hankali. Wannan watakila mafi m a cikin topic karkashin tattaunawa. Me ya sa? Ba kalla saboda cewa amsar wannan tambaya na abin da ya ƙunshi wani almajiri daga cikin ido, shi ne - daga kõme ba. A gaskiya, shi ne! Bayan duk, da almajiri - wani rami a kyallen takarda da eyeball. Amma shi ke gaba da shi ne tsokoki da cewa ba da damar da shi zuwa ga yi cikin sama da aka ambata aiki. Wannan shi ne, hasken hanya.

Musamman tsoka ne a sphincter. Yana kewaye da wani gefe rabo daga Iris. Sphincter kunshi zaruruwa lauye da juna. Har yanzu akwai dilator - ne tsoka da cewa shi ne alhakin fadada almajiri. Ya kunshi epithelial Kwayoyin.

Ya kamata a lura da hankali ga wata gaskiya. A talakawan da ido kunshi dama abubuwa, amma almajiri - mafi m. Idan ka yi imani da likita statistics, 20% na yawan gana da Pathology kira anisocoria. Yana da wani yanayin a cikin abin da ƴan ne daban-daban masu girma dabam. za su iya har yanzu a maras kyau. Amma, ba duk wadannan 20% alama furta. Mai ba su ma san game da kasancewar anisocoria. Mutane da yawa zama sane da shi ne kawai bayan likita ziyarar, a kan abin da mutane shirya, Heart ji, zafi, ptosis (drooping daga cikin manya fatar ido), da dai sauransu Amma wasu diplopia auku - .. "Biyu almajiri".

akan tantanin ido

Wannan - da wani ɓangare cewa ya kamata a lura na musamman da hankali, magana game da abin da yake a cikin adam ido. The akan tantanin ido ne na bakin ciki membrane, a hankali dab da vitreous jiki. Wanne, bi da bi, shi ne abin da ya cika 2/3 na eyeball. Vitreous bada dama ido da kuma marar sakewa form. Kuma ma refracts haske shigar da akan tantanin ido.

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da ido kunshi uku bawo. Amma shi ne - kawai kafuwar. Bayan duk, ƙarin na 10 yadudduka na akan tantanin ido ne! Kuma ya zama daidai, ta gani part. Akwai har yanzu "makafi", a cikin wanda babu photoreceptors. Wannan bangare ne zuwa kashi da ciliary da Iris. Amma ya zama dole su koma zuwa goma yadudduka. A farko biyar ne: pigment, fotosensorny da uku waje (membrane, granular da spletenievidny). Sauran yadudduka na kama sunayen. Wannan uku ciki (wato granular, spletenievidny da membrane), da kuma biyu more, daya daga wanda aka yi sama da jijiya zaruruwa, da kuma sauran - daga ganglion Kwayoyin.

Amma abin da daidai ne ke da alhakin gani acuity? Sassa cewa yin up da ido - yana da ban sha'awa, amma zai zama kyawawa a san abu mafi muhimmanci. Saboda haka, don na gani acuity gana da tsakiyar fovea na akan tantanin ido. Haka kuma an kira "rawaya tabo". Shi yana da wani m siffar da aka located a gaban almajiri.

photoreceptors

Ban sha'awa ji sashin jiki - idanunmu. Abin da shi ne - Courtesy sama. Amma har yanzu babu wani abin da ya ce game da photoreceptors. Kuma, ya zama mafi daidai, game da sandunansu, kuma suka Cones located in akan tantanin ido. Amma shi ne kuma wani muhimmin bangaren.

Su taimakawa ga canji na haske mai kara kuzari ga bayanai da cewa ya zo a cikin CNS na zaruruwa da na gani jijiya.

Cones ne sosai m zuwa ga haske. Kuma duk saboda abun ciki na iodopsin. Wannan - da pigment da cewa samar da launi hangen nesa. Akwai rhodopsin, amma shi ne - cikakken bambanci ga iodopsin. Tun da wannan pigment alhakin dare hangen nesa.

A mutum da mai kyau da kashi 100 hangen nesa, akwai game da 6-7 miliyan Cones. Sha'awa, su ne kasa m zuwa ga haske (abin da suka yi ya fi muni game da 100 sau) fiye da sanda. Duk da haka, mafi gane da m ƙungiyoyi. Sandunansu, ta hanyar, mafi - game da 120 miliyan. Suna kawai sami proverbial rhodopsin.

Yana da sandunansu samar da mutum na gani damar da dare. Cones a dare ne ba aiki a duk - saboda akwai bukatar su yi aiki a kalla a m kwarara daga photons (haske).

tsokoki

Su ma bukatar magana, da tattauna game da sassa cewa yin up ido. Tsokoki - wannan shi ne abin da damar kai tsaye tsari na apples a cikin ido soket. Su duk Kwatsam daga sananne m connective nama zobba. A core tsokoki ake kira QFontDatabase, saboda ana haɗe zuwa eyeball a wani kwana.

Thread ne mafi alhẽri ga bayyana a cikin sauki harshe. Kowane yunkuri na eyeball dogara a kan yadda za a haɗe tsokoki. Za mu iya duba zuwa hagu, tare da juya kansa. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kai tsaye tsoka motsi ne guda a cikin wani da aka ba nesa daga kwance jirgin sama na mu eyeball. Af, su ne har yanzu, a tare da tare da QFontDatabase samar madauwari jũya. Wanda ya hada da bada ga kowane ido. Me ya sa? Saboda a wannan darasi ya shafi dukkan tsokoki na ido. Kuma mun san: cewa da daya ko wasu horo (komai da wanda shi ake dangantawa) ya ba mai kyau sakamako, wajibi ne a yi aiki kowanne bangaren na jiki.

Amma wannan, ba shakka, ba duka ba. Akwai tsaye tsokoki da cewa za a fara yin aiki a lokacin, a lokacin da muka duba a cikin nesa. Sau da yawa, mutane da na wa aiki yake da alaka da wata kwamfuta ko laborious aiki, jin zafi a idanunsa. Kuma shi ya zama sauki, idan an tausa, matse idanunsa rufe povraschat. Wanne ne ya sa akwai zafi? Saboda tsoka iri. Wasu daga cikin su yi aiki duk lokacin, yayin da wasu huta. Wannan shi ne, don wannan dalili da cewa zai iya cũtar da hannãyenku, idan wani mutum da aka dauke wasu nauyi abu.

ruwan tabarau

Magana ne game da abin da sassa kunshi idanu, wanda zai iya ba amma zai shafi hankali da kuma cikin "muhimmi." Da ruwan tabarau, wanda an riga an ambata a sama, shi ne m jiki. Wannan shi ne - mai nazarin halittu ruwan tabarau, a saka shi a bayyana harshe. Kuma, daidai da, mafi muhimmanci bangaren na haske refractor ocular na'ura. Af, ko da ruwan tabarau kama wani ruwan tabarau - shi ne lenticular, zagaye da kuma m.

Ya na da sosai m tsarin. Waje da thinnest ruwan tabarau mai rufi kwantena da kare shi daga waje dalilai. Its kauri ne kawai 0,008 mm.

Da ruwan tabarau ne fallasa zuwa cututtuka daban-daban. A heaviest - a cataract. A wannan cuta (shekaru, kamar yadda wani mulki) mutumin da yake ganin duniya maras ban sha'awa, blurry. Kuma a irin haka ne, a ruwan tabarau maye da wani sabon wucin gadi. Abin farin, shi ne a cikin ido ne a irin wannan wuri cewa shi kulawa don canja, ba tare da shafi cikin wasu sassa.

A general, kamar yadda za ka iya gani, tsarin mu main azanci shine sashin jiki ne da wuya sosai. Eyes kananan, amma ya hada da wani babbar dama abubuwa (tuna a kalla miliyan 120 da sandunansu). Kuma shi zai iya zama na dogon lokaci don magana game da aka gyara, amma mafi muhimmanci ya lissafa.