Mene ne Mars, da duniyar da ta halaye. Distance zuwa Mars

Mars - na huɗu duniya na mu hasken rana tsarin, da kuma na biyu mafi karami bayan Mercury. Yana mai suna ga Roman bautãwa na yaki. Its laƙabi "Red Planet" ya zo daga m surface, wanda shi ne saboda da predominance na baƙin ƙarfe oxide. Kowane 'yan shekaru, lokacin da Mars ne a' yan adawa ga duniya, shi ne mafi bayyane a cikin dare sama. Saboda wannan dalili, mutane lura da duniya ga dubban shekaru, da kuma bayyanar a cikin sama ya taka leda a manyan rawa a mythology da astrological tsarin da dama al'adu. A wannan zamanin shi ya zama mai real taska trove na binciken kimiyya da cewa sun ci gaba da fahimtar da hasken rana tsarin da kuma tarihinta.

Girman, madawwama biyu, kuma taro na Mars

A radius na hudu duniya daga rana ne game 3396 km a ekweita da kuma 3376 km a iyakacin duniya yankuna, wanda yayi dace da 53% na radius na Duniya. Kuma ko da yake shi ne game da rabin da taro na Mars ne 6.4185 x 10²³ kg, ko 15.1% na taro na wannan duniya tamu. Karkatar axis ne kama da ƙasa, kuma 25,19 ° ga orbital jirgin sama. Wannan yana nufin cewa na huɗu duniya daga Sun kuma an fuskantar da yanayi na shekara.

A ta fi girma nesa daga Sun, Mars falakinsu a nesa na 1.666 kuma. e., ko 249,2 miliyan kilomita. A perihelion, a lokacin da shi ne mafi kusa ga luminary, aka cire daga shi a 1,3814 da. e., ko 206,7 miliyan kilomita. Red Planet ake bukata 686,971 Duniya kwanaki, wanda yake daidai 1,88 Duniya shekaru yin juyin juya hali a kusa da rana. A Martian rana, wanda a Duniya ne daidai da rana daya da kuma 40 minutes a shekara yana 668,5991 kwanaki.

A abun da ke ciki na kasar gona

A wani talakawan yawa na 3.93 g / cm³ Mars wannan halayyar sa shi kasa m fiye da Earth. Its girma ne game da 15% na duniya tamu, da kuma nauyi - 11%. Mars Red - wani sakamako na gaban a farfajiya na baƙin ƙarfe oxide, fi sani da tsatsa. A gaban wasu ma'adanai a cikin turɓãya, da kuma tabbatar da samuwar wasu launuka - zinariya, launin ruwan kasa, kore, da sauransu.

A duniyarmu kungiyar shi ne mai arziki a cikin ma'adanai, dauke da silicon da oxygen, da karafa, da wasu abubuwa da ake kullum kunshe a cikin m taurari. Gona dan kadan alkaline kuma ƙunshi magnesium, sodium, potassium da chlorine. Gwaje-gwaje da yi a kan ƙasa samfurori kuma nuna cewa da PH ne 7.7.

Ko da yake ruwa ruwa ba zai iya zama a kan surface Mars saboda ta bakin ciki yanayi, manyan kankara yawa mayar da hankali a cikin iyakacin duniya iyakoki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, daga iyakacin duniya zuwa 60 ° latitud permafrost zone kara. Wannan yana nufin cewa ruwa ya wanzu a karkashin mafi yawan surface kamar cakuda ta m da ruwa jihohi. Radar data da ƙasa samfurori tabbatar da kasancewar karkashin kasa ajiya tankuna ma a tsakiyar latitudes.

ciki tsarin

A duniyar Mars, da shekaru 4.5 Ga kunshi wani m ƙarfe core kewaye da wani alkyabbar silicon. A core kunshi baƙin ƙarfe sulfide da kuma ƙunshi biyunta haske abubuwa fiye da Duniya ta core. A talakawan kauri daga cikin ɓawon burodi ne game da 50 km kuma matsakaicin ne 125 km. Idan muka yi la'akari da masu girma dabam na taurari, da Duniya ta ɓawon burodi, wanda shi ne daidai da talakawan kauri daga 40 km, 3 sau thinner fiye da Mars.

Yanzu model bayar da shawarar ta ciki tsarin, da kwaya size cewa shi ne a cikin radius daga 1700-1850 km, kuma shi kunshi yafi na baƙin ƙarfe ne da nickel da game 16-17% na sulfur. Saboda da karami da kuma taro da karfi na nauyi a kan surface Mars ne kawai 37.6% na duniya. Hanzari daga nauyi ne daidai to 3.711 m / s², idan aka kwatanta da 9.8 m / s² a wannan duniya tamu.

surface halaye

Red Mars ne m da kuma bushe a kan saman, kuma shi ne geologically sosai kama da Duniya. Yana yana tuddanta, kuma dutsen jeri, har ma da most rairayi a cikin hasken rana tsarin. Akwai kuma mafi girman dutsen - garkuwa aman wuta Olympus, mafi tsawo da kuma mafi zurfi kanyon - Valles Marineris.

Impact craters - hankula abubuwa na wuri mai faɗi, wanda aka cike da gidajen gona da duniyar Mars. Age na biliyoyin shekaru da haihuwa. Suna da kyau kiyaye saboda da jinkirin kudi na yashewa. Babbar na wadannan ne Dolina Ellada. A karkara da bakin dutse ne game da 2,300 km, kuma ta zurfin ne 9 km.

A surface na Mars, shi ne kuma zai yiwu a rarrabe tsakanin gullies da tashoshi, da kuma masana kimiyya da dama imani da cewa shi aka zarar marẽmari. Kwatanta su da irin wannan tsarin a cikin ƙasa, da shi za a iya zaci cẽwa sũ, an akalla partially kafa ta ruwa yashewa. Wadannan tashoshi ne manyan isa - 100 km a fadi da biyu kilomita dubu a tsawon ..

da tauraron dan adam na Mars

Mars biyu kananan amaryar wata, Phobos da Deimos. Su aka gano a 1877 da falakin Asaf Hall, kuma an mai suna bayan yanci haruffa. A daidai da hadisin na samun sunayen daga gargajiya mythology, Phobos da Deimos ne 'ya'ya maza na Ares - Girkanci bautãwa na yaki, wanda shi ne na samfur na Roman Mars. A farko daya wakiltar tsoro, da kuma na biyu - rikice da kuma tsoro.

Phobos ne game da 22 km a diamita, da kuma nĩsa daga shi zuwa Mars ne 9234.42 km a perigee da apogee 9517.58 km. Wannan shi ne kasa synchronous tsawo, da tauraron dan adam da kuma yana daukan kawai 7 hours zuwa tashi a kewayen duniya. Masana kimiyya sun} iyasta cewa a kan 10-50 shekaru miliyan, Phobos iya fada a kan surface Mars ko karya up cikin wani zobe tsarin kusa da shi.

Deymos yana da wani diamita na game da 12 km, kuma ta nesa daga Mars daga 23455.5 km a perigee da apogee 23,470.9 km. Cikakken nuna tauraron dan adam da ke sa wa 1,26 kwana. Mars iya zama ƙarin tauraron dan adam da suke da fiye da karami 50-100 ma diamita, da kuma tsakanin Phobos da Deimos yana da wani zobe daga turɓãya.

A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, wadannan watanni kasance da sau daya asteroids, amma sai suka kama da duniyar tamu ta nauyi. Low albedo da kuma abun da ke ciki na biyu watanni (carbonaceous chondrite), wanda shi ne kama da asteroid abu, goyi bayan wannan ka'idar, kuma m kewayewa na Phobos, zai ze, da shawara da 'yan kãmun. Duk da haka, biyu amaryar wata kewayewa madauwari kuma suna located a cikin jirgin sama na ekweita, wanda shi ne sabon abu ga kama jikinsu.

Yanayi da kuma sauyin yanayi

Weather mars bakin ciki sosai saboda gaban na yanayi, wanda aka hada da 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% - 1.89% da kuma argon - nitrogen da burbushi na oxygen da kuma ruwa. Yana da matukar m, kuma ya ƙunshi m barbashi da ciwon size of 1.5 microns a diamita cewa stains Martian sama a lokacin da kyan gani, daga surface a wani duhu rawaya launi. Yanayi matsa lamba canje-canje a cikin 0,4-0,87 kPa. Wannan shi ne daidai game da 1% Duniya a teku matakin.

Saboda da bakin ciki Layer na gasbag kuma mafi nesa daga rana warms surface Mars yawa muni fiye da surface na Duniya. A kan talakawan, shi ne daidaita -46 ° C. A cikin hunturu shi saukad da zuwa -143 ° C a zura sandunan kuma a lokacin rani da tsakar rana a kan ekweita ne 35 ° C.

A duniya bugãwa ƙura hadari cewa juya a kananan babban hadari. More m hadari faruwa lokacin da kura ta fito da heats rãnã. Iskõki ƙarfafa, samar da wani hadari, sikelin da wanda aka auna da dubban kilomita, kuma su duration - 'yan watanni. Suka zahiri boye kusan dukan Martian surface yankin na gani filin.

Traces of karfin methane da ammonia

A cikin yanayi na duniya a matsayin burbushi na methane aka gano, da maida hankali wanda shi ne 30 ppb. An kiyasta cewa Mars dole nuna 270 ton na methane a kowace shekara. Da zarar a cikin gas yanayi zai iya zama kawai wata iyaka lokaci (0.6-4 shekaru). WurinSa, duk da gajeren lokaci na rayuwa, ya nuna cewa akwai dole ne wani aiki Madogararsa.

Daga cikin zargin zabin - volcanic aiki, tauraro mai wutsiya da kuma gaban methanogenic da ake dasu rayuwa siffofin ƙarƙashin surface. Methane za a iya samu ta hanyar da ba nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai, da ake kira serpentinization, tare da sa hannu na ruwa, carbon dioxide da olivine, wanda sau da yawa yakan faru a duniyar Mars.

Tauraron Dan Adam da Mars Express aka kuma gano ammonia, amma tare da wani gwada da gajeren rayuwa. Shi ne ba a bayyana abin da ya samar, amma volcanic aiki da aka gabatar a matsayin yiwu Madogararsa.

planetary bincike

Ƙoƙarin gano abin da Mars fara a shekarun 1960s. Tsakanin 1960 da 1969 Tarayyar Soviet ta kaddamar da Red Planet 9 unmanned kumbon sama jannati, amma ba su iya isa da manufa. A shekarar 1964, NASA kaddamar Mariner yi bincike don gudu. A farko karfe "Mariner 3" da "Mariner 4". A farko manufa kasa a lokacin da tayin, amma na biyu, wanda aka kaddamar 3 makonni, nasarar aikata wani 7.5-wata tafiya.

"Mariner-4" yi na farko proximal hotuna Mars (nuna tasiri craters) da kuma bayar da cikakken bayanai a kan yanayi matsa lamba a kan surface kuma babu ce Magnetic filin da kuma radiation bel. NASA ci gaba da shirin kaddamar da wani biyu daga Al'arshinSa bincike Mariner 6 da 7, wanda ya kai duniya a shekarar 1969

A cikin 1970s, Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka gasar a wãne ne zai shiryar da farko wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam zuwa kewayewa Mars. Soviet shirin M-71 hada da uku kumbon sama jannati - "Space-419" ( "Mares-1971C»), «Mars-2" da kuma "Mars-3". A farko nauyi bincike ya fado a lokacin farawa. M manufa "Mars-2" da kuma "Mars-3" ne mai hade da na orbiter da lander kuma kasance na farko da tashoshin, Extraterrestrial saukowa jajirce (sai Moon).

Su an samu nasarar kaddamar a tsakiyar watan Mayu na shekarar 1971, kuma ya tashi daga Earth zuwa Mars watanni bakwai. 27 ga watan Nuwamba lander "Mars-2" yi gaggawa saukowa saboda wani gazawar da jirgin kwamfuta da kuma zama na farko da mutum ya ƙi yarda da cewa ya isa surface na Red Planet. Disamba 2, "Mars-3" sanya saukowa wani cikakken lokaci, amma canja wuri da aka katse bayan 14.5 tare da watsa shirye-shirye.

A halin yanzu, NASA ci gaba Mariner shirin, da kuma a 1971 aka kaddamar da bincike 8 da kuma 9. "Mariner 8" a lokacin farko-up da fadi zuwa cikin tekun Atlantic. Amma na biyu kumbon sama jannati ba kawai sanya shi ga Mars, amma kuma ya zama na farko nasara kaddamar da falaki. Duk da yake dade ƙura hadari planetary sikelin, da tauraron dan adam gudanar ya dauki wasu hotuna na Phobos. Lokacin da hadari ya kwanta, da bincike ya dauki hotuna, ya ba da karin cikakken shaida a kan surface Mars kasance da zarar ruwa ya kwararo. An gano cewa tudun kira Snow Olympus (daya daga cikin 'yan abubuwa da zama a bayyane yayin da planetary ƙura hadari) ne ma mafi girma a cikin samuwar cikin hasken rana tsarin, wanda ya kai ga ta renaming Uphill Olympus.

A 1973, Tarayyar Soviet aika hudu bincike: 4th da kuma 5th orbiters "Mars" da kuma orbital yi bincike da kuma ta sauka a "Mars 6" da kuma 7. All interplanetary yi bincike, sai dai "Mars-7", watsa bayanai da kuma balaguro "Mars-5" da aka fi cin nasara. Har lokacin da depressurization daga cikin gidaje na watsawa tashar gudanar don canja wurin 60 images.

By 1975, NASA kaddamar Viking 1 da 2, kunsha na biyu orbiters da biyu reentry. Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Mars aka tsara don bincika burbushi na rayuwa da kuma kallo na ta meteorological, girgizar kasa da kuma Magnetic halaye. A sakamakon nazarin halittu gwaje-gwajen da a kan jirgin saukarsa "Viking" sun wanda ba a gama ba, amma sake-bincike, da aka buga a 2012, shawara gaban ãyõyin ake dasu rayuwa a duniya.

Orbiters bayar ƙarin shaida cewa da zarar ya wanzu a kan Mars Ruwa - babban ambaliyar kafa zurfin canyons, mikewa ga dubban kilomita. Bugu da kari, rabo daga cikin branched gudana a kudancin yammancin duniya bayar da shawarar cewa akwai sau daya hazo.

A zaman majalisar na flights

A karo na hudu duniya daga rana ba a yi karatu har sai 1990s, idan NASA aika da manufa Mars Pathfinder, wanda kunshi wani sararin cewa komai a fili tashar "baƙo" motsi da bincike. The inji komai a fili a kan Mars Yuli 4, 1987, kuma ya tabbatar da daidaito da dabarun da za a yi amfani a kara expeditions, kamar dasa, ta amfani da iska bags, kuma atomatik cikas gudana.

A gaba manufa don Mars - Taswirar tauraron dan adam MGS, shi isa duniya Satumba 12, 1997, kuma ya fara aiki a watan Maris na 1999 daya cikakken Martian shekara low tsawo kusan iyakacin duniya madawwama biyu, ya yi karatu dukan surface da kuma yanayi, da kuma aika da ƙarin bayanai game da duniyar fiye da dukan gabata manufa a hade.

Nuwamba 5, 2006 MGS rasa lamba tare da Earth, kuma NASA ta} o} arin mayar da ita aka katse Janairu 28, 2007

A 2001, ya gano abin da Mars aka aiko zuwa Mars Odyssey Orbiter. Ya burin ya samu shaida ga wanzuwar ruwa da kuma volcanic aiki a duniya da yin amfani da spectrometers da imagers. A shekara ta 2002, an sanar da cewa bincike gano wani babban adadin hydrogen - hujja na kasancewar babbar adibas na kankara a cikin sama mita uku na ƙasa a cikin 60 ° na Kudu iyakacin duniya.

2 Yuni, 2003 Turai Space Agency (Esa) kaddamar da "Mars Express" - wani kumbon sama jannati kunshi wani tauraron dan adam da kuma gangaren bincike "Beagle 2". Kuma ya shiga kewayewa 25 ga Disamba, 2003, da kuma bincike shiga yanayi na duniya a wannan rana. Kafin Esa hasarar lamba tare da lander, Mars Express Orbiter tabbatar da kasancewar carbon dioxide kankara da kuma a kan ta Kudu iyakacin duniya.

A 2003, NASA kaddamar da wani nazari na duniya Immer shirin. Yana amfani da biyu tasar "Ruhu" da "dama." Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Mars yana da aiki don gano daban-daban kankara da kuma kasa gano shaida daga gaban ruwan nan.

12.08.05 aka kaddamar Mars bincike Orbiter (MRO), wanda kai duniyar tamu ta kewayewa 10.03.06. A kan jirgin abin hawa ne kimiyya kida tsara don gane ruwa, kankara da kuma ma'adanai a farfajiya da ƙõramu. Bugu da kari, da MRO zai samar da goyon baya ga mai zuwa ƙarni na sarari bincike: kullum kula da yanayin a duniyar Mars da jihar ta surface, shi yake fayyace for nan gaba saukowa shafukan da gwajin wani sabon sadarwa tsarin, wanda zai bugun sama da dangane da duniya.

Agusta 6, 2012 a bakin dutse Gale komai a fili NASA ta Mars Science Laboratory Rover MSL da kuma "Kyuriositi". Tare da su aka sanya da yawa binciken game da yanayin gari na gida da kuma surface yanayi, kazalika da hanyoyin gudanar da barbashi aka gano.

Nuwamba 18, 2013, a duk da haka wani ƙoƙari na gano abin Mars MAVEN aka kaddamar da tauraron dan adam, da manufar wanda ya yi nazarin yanayi da kuma isar da sakonni robotic Rovers.

bincike ya ci gaba da

A karo na hudu duniya daga Sun - mafi karatu a cikin hasken rana tsarin, bayan Earth. A halin yanzu a kan bãyan tẽkun aikin tashar "Damar" da "Kyuriositi" da kuma a cikin sarari guda suke 5 kumbon sama jannati - Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, MRO, inna da kuma Maven.

Wadannan bincike kasa aika da wani mai wuce yarda cikakken images of Red Planet. Suka kuwa taimaki sami cewa da zarar akwai ruwa, kuma sun tabbatar da cewa Mars kuma Earth suna kama - suna da iyakacin duniya kankara iyakoki, da canza yanayi, da sauyin yanayi da kuma ruwa kasancewa. Sun kuma nuna cewa kwayoyin rayuwa iya zama a yau, kuma mafi kusantar da shi shi ya kafin.

The kamu da wani ra'ayi na 'yan adam ne don gano abin da Mars, ba ya raunana, kuma} o} arinmu don nazarin ta surface da unraveling labarinsa ne da nisa daga kan. A cikin zuwan shekarun da suka gabata, za mu iya ci gaba da aika da Rovers da kuma na farko da ya aika wani mutum. Kuma a kan lokaci, shan la'akari da samuwan dole albarkatu, na huɗu duniya daga rana zai taba zama dace da rayuwa.