Mene ne glucose? Samun glucose da kuma da kaddarorin

Glucose a cikin Girkanci harshe na nufin "mai dadi". A yanayi, a cikin manyan yawa aka same shi a cikin juices 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries, ciki har da ruwan tonis, kuma me ya sa aka fi sani da "sugar ruwan inabi".

Tarihi na samu

Glucose da aka bude a farkon na XIX karni Turanci likita, sunadarai, kuma Falsafa William Prout. Yadu da aka sani da abu samu bayan a 1819 ta Henri Brakkono kusantar da shi daga sawdust.

jiki Properties

Glucose ne tare da wani colorless crystalline foda zaki da dandano. Shi ne readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, mayar da hankali sulfuric acid, tutiya chloride da Schweitzer ta reagent.

kwayoyin tsarin

Kamar dukan monosaccharides, glucose ne heterofunctional fili (a cikin kwayoyin ne mafi hydroxyl da daya carboxyl kungiyar). A cikin hali na glucose carboxyl kungiyar ne aldehyde.

A general dabara C6H12O6 glucose. Kwayoyin na abu da cyclic tsarin da kuma biyu na sarari isomers na alpha da beta siffofin. A m jihar form predominates alpha kusan 100%. A bayani, da more barga Beta form (yana daukan game da 60%). Glucose ne karshen samfurin na hydrolysis da poly- disaccharides, Ina nufin shiri na glucose auku a cikin saran yawan lokuta ne da aka ba hanya.

samun abu

A yanayi glucose kafa a tsire-tsire a sakamakon photosynthesis. La'akari da masana'antu da kuma awon hanyoyin domin samar da glucose. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da abu ne sakamakon aldol sandaro. A masana'antu, ya fi na kowa Hanyar ne, don samar glucose daga sitaci.

Sitaci - a polysaccharide, wanda suke monochasti kuma glucose kwayoyin. Wancan ne, to samu shi ne zama dole to decompose da polysaccharide a monochasti. Ta yaya ne wannan tsari?

Shiri na sitaci glucose ta fara da cewa sitaci aka sanya a cikin wani akwati na ruwa da kuma zuga (sitaci madara). Wani akwati da ruwa ya kawo a tafasa. Ya kamata a lura cewa tafasar ruwa dole ne biyu sau fiye da sitaci madara. Domin samun glucose dauki aka gudanar, har zuwa karshen, mai kara kuzari da ake bukata. A wannan yanayin shi hidima hydrochloric ko sulfuric acid. A lasafta adadin da aka kara wa tanki, daga ruwan zãfi. Sa'an nan sannu a hankali zuba sitaci madara. A wannan tsari, shi ne muhimmanci ba don samun manna, idan duk wannan shi aka kafa, ya kamata ci gaba da tafasar har ta da cikakken bacewar. A kan talakawan, tafasar daukan rabin awa. Domin tabbatar da cewa cikakken hydrolyzed sitaci, shi wajibi ne don gudanar da wani ingantaccen martani. A zaba samfurin da aka kara aidin. Idan ruwa ya zama mai shudi launi, sa'an nan hydrolysis ba ƙãre, kuma idan ta zama ruwan kasa ko ja-kasa-kasa, sa'an nan da sitaci a cikin bayani ba wanzu. Amma wannan bayani ne ba kawai ga glucose, an samun da mai kara kuzari, kuma wannan yana nufin cewa acid yana faruwa. Yadda za a cire acid? Amsar mai sauki ce: tare da taimakon neutralize m alli da kuma finely marmashe ain.

Neutralization bari litmus gwajin. Bugu da ari, akwai tace sakamakon bayani. Shi ne kananan: sakamakon colorless ruwa dole ne ƙafe. A lu'ulu'u kafa da shi ne mu karshe sakamakon. Yanzu la'akari da samun glucose daga sitaci (dauki).

Chemical ne aiwatar

Wannan lissafi da aka gabatar kafin su sami glucose tsaka - maltose. Maltose - disaccharide kunsha na biyu glucose kwayoyin. A bayyane yake nuna cewa hanyoyin samar da glucose daga sitaci da maltose na daya. Wannan shi ne, za mu iya samar da wadannan lissafi a cikin shakka daga cikin dauki.

A karshen kamata takaice da yanayin zama dole a samu glucose daga sitaci ne nasara.

abubuwan da ake bukata

• kara kuzari (hydrochloric acid ko sulfuric acid);
• zafin jiki (ba kasa da 100 digiri).
• matsa lamba (yanayi isa, amma da matsa lamba karuwa accelerates).

Wannan hanya ita ce mafi sauki, tare da high yawan amfanin ƙasa na karshe samfurin da kuma kadan kuzari. Amma da yake ba kadai. Shiri na glucose ne guda cellulose.

Shiri na cellulose

Jigon da tsari ne kusan gaba daya yayi dace da baya dauki.

Yana nuna shiri na glucose (dabara) na cellulose. A gaskiya ma, cikin tsari ne da hadadden da kuma makamashi-m. Saboda haka, samfurin da aka mayar da martani, shi ne sharar gida daga itace masana'antu, murƙushe wani sulusi da murabba'i wanda barbashi size 1.1 - 1.6 mm. Wannan samfurin da aka bi da farko tare da acetic acid, sa'an nan hydrogen peroxide, sa'an nan tare da sulfuric acid a zazzabi ba m fiye 110 darajõji, kuma sayar da giya rabo 5. A tsawon lokaci da wannan tsari 3-5 hours. Sa'an nan, sa'o'i biyu kara hydrolysis da sulfuric acid a dakin da zazzabi da kuma sayar da giya rabo na 4-5. Sa'an nan da aka diluted da ruwa da kuma inversion for kimanin daya da rabi hours.

Hanyar domin gwada yawa tabbatar da dalilin da

Bayan dauke duk hanyoyi na samun glucose kamata gano hanyoyin da quantification. Akwai sau lokacin aiwatar kamata tafiyar kawai wani bayani dauke da glucose, Ina nufin ruwa danshin aiwatar kafin su sami lu'ulu'u - superfluous. The tambaya to, ya zama yadda za a tantance abin da taro na dũkiyõyinsu a cikin bayani. A samu adadin glucose a cikin bayani da aka ƙaddara da spectrophotometric, polarimetric da chromatographic hanyoyin. Akwai karin takamaiman tabbatar da dalilin Hanyar - enzyme (via glucosidase enzyme). A wannan yanayin da count riga kayayyakin na mataki na wannan enzyme.

A amfani da glucose

A magani, yin amfani da glucose maye (wannan na iya zama ko dai ci abinci mai guba, ko kamuwa da ayyuka). A wannan yanayin, da glucose bayani ana gudanar intravenously da dropper. Wannan yana nufin cewa a kantin glucosa ne a duniya antioxidant. Shi ne kuma ba a kananan rawar da wannan abu taka da ganewa da kuma ganewar asali da ciwon sukari mellitus. Ga glucose abubuwa a matsayin danniya gwajin.

A cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da kuma dafa abinci glucose bautarka mai da muhimmanci sosai wurin. Dabam, ya kamata ya kasance a gane rawar da glucose a cikin ruwan inabi, giya da kuma moonshining. Yana nufin wani Hanyar matsayin samun ethanol da fermentation na glucose. Bari mu bincika a cikin daki-daki, wannan tsari.

da samun barasa

The fasaha domin samar da barasa yana da matakai biyu: fermentation kuma barasan. Fermentation, bi da bi, ta hanyar kwayoyin. A fasahar binciken halittu ta tsawon aka bred al'adun kananan kwayoyin halitta da cewa ba ka damar samun matsakaicin barasa amfanin ƙasa a magangara mafi ƙasƙanci elapsed lokaci. A rayuwar yau da kullum tebur a al'ada yisti za a iya amfani da a matsayin dauki mataimaki.

Da farko, glucose da aka diluted a ruwa. A wani jirgin ruwa bred kwayoyin amfani. Next, da samu ruwa da aka zuga, girgiza kuma sanya shi a cikin wani akwati tare da wata iskar gas kanti tube. Wannan bututu an haɗa zuwa wani (U-dimbin yawa). A tsakiyar na biyu tube mai cike da lemun tsami da ruwa. A ƙarshen tube an rufe tare da wani roba marufi da wani m gilashin sanda da ciwon kõma karshen.

Wannan akwati an sanya shi a cikin wani thermostat a zazzabi na 25-27 digiri na kwanaki hudu. A turbidity tube za a iya lura tare da lemun tsami da ruwa, wannan ya nuna cewa amsa tare da shi carbon dioxide. Da zarar carbon dioxide daina tsaya a waje, da fermentation za a iya gani a matsayin kammala. Wannan ne bi da wani barasan mataki. A dakin gwaje-gwaje amfani ga barasan barasa reflux - ya wuce ruwan sanyi, game da shi, sanyaya kafa gas da kuma canja wurin shi a mayar da m na'urori a wadda a kan m bango.

A wannan mataki da ruwa da yake a mu iya aiki da za a kona har zuwa 85-90 digiri. Kamar wancan ne zai ƙafe da barasa, ruwa ba ya kawo a tafasa.

A inji domin samun barasa

Ka yi la'akari da samun barasa daga glucose a dauki lissafi: C6H12O6 + 2CO2 = 2S2N5ON.

Saboda haka, zai iya yiwuwa a lura da cewa, inji for ethanol samar daga glucose ne quite sauki. Haka kuma, shi ne da aka sani zuwa ga mutãne, ga mutane da yawa ƙarni, ya kawo kusan kammala.

The darajar glucose a rayuwar mutum

Saboda haka, da ciwon wasu fahimtar wannan al'amari, ta jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties, amfani a fannoni daban daban na masana'antu, za mu iya cewa wannan glucose. Samun ta fita daga cikin polysaccharides, riga ya ba da wani fahimtar cewa, a matsayin babban bangaren da duk sugars, glucose ne mai muhimmanci tushen samar da makamashi ga mutane. A sakamakon haka, metabolism na abu kafa adenosine triphosphate, wanda aka tuba a cikin wani sashi ne na makamashi.

Amma ba duk da glucose da cewa ta shiga jikin mutum shi ne a samar da makamashi ƙari. A falke mutumin da ke sa kawai 50 bisa dari na sakamakon glucose cikin ATP. Sauran ne tuba zuwa cikin glycogen da accumulates a cikin hanta. Glycogen an hallaka a kan lokaci, game da shi gudãnar da jini sugar matakan. Quantitatively, da abun ciki na wannan abu a cikin jiki - a kai tsaye nuna alama na ta kiwon lafiya. A kan adadin sukari a cikin jini ya dogara da hormonal aiki na duk tsarin. Saboda haka, yana da daraja ambaton cewa eta da yin amfani da abu zai iya kai ga tsanani sakamakon.

Glucose ne da farko duba mai sauki da kuma m ga dukan abu. Ko da a cikin sharuddan da sunadarai ta kwayoyin suna da gwada sauki tsari, da kuma sinadaran Properties na fili da kuma saba a rayuwar yau da kullum. Amma, duk da wannan, glucose ne na bayar da muhimmanci duka biyu ga mutum da kuma ga dukan yankunan ransa.