Me ne ma'adinai? Nau'in ma'adinai asalin

Duk da cewa mutane da yawa tunanin game da abin da shi ne, wasu mutane za su iya ba maanar "ma'adinai". Nau'in ma'adanai shafi mai yawa iri-iri abubuwa, kowanne daga abin da ya samu aikace-aikace a cikin wani musamman filin na aiki godiya ga abũbuwan amfãni, kuma siffofin. Saboda haka muhimmanci sani game da abin da kaddarorin da suka yi, kuma suka za a iya amfani da su.

Ma'adanai ne da kayayyakin roba ko na halitta sinadaran halayen da faruwa a cikin duniya ta ɓawon burodi da kuma a kan bãyan tẽkun, kuma ta haka ne chemically da kuma jiki kama.

rarrabuwa

Don kwanan wata, akwai fiye da 4000 jinsuna daban cewa fada cikin category na "ma'adinai". Nau'in ma'adanai ma yi da wadannan siffofin:

• kwayoyin (dangane da asalin);
• m (raw tama, da duwatsu masu daraja, da man fetur, da dai sauransu ...).
• sinadaran.

sinadaran

A lokacin, ya fi na kowa ne rarrabuwa na ma'adanai da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, wanda aka yi amfani da zamani mineralogy da kuma binciken kasa. Ya dogara ne a kan yanayin da mahadi, tattare da sunadarai shaidu tsakanin daban-daban abubuwa na tsarin, iri marufi da kuma wasu siffofin da cewa zai iya zama ma'adinai. A rarrabuwa na wannan ma'adanai ya shafi rarraba su a cikin biyar iri, kowanne daga wanda aka halin da predominance da wani yanayi na abokantaka tsakanin wasu tsarin raka'a.

iri:

• 'yan qasar abubuwa.
• sulfides.
• oxides da hydroxides.
• oxygen acid salts daga gare ta,
• halides.

Bugu da ari, yanayin da anion, sun kasu kashi da dama azuzuwan (a cikin kowane irin su division) a cikin abin da aka riga ya kasu kashi subclasses na wanda su ne: tubali, ƙuƙuntacce, tsibirin, daidaituwa da kuma mai lebur ma'adinai. Nau'in ma'adanai, wanda suke kusa da juna a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma samun irin wannan tsarin, azurta su ƙungiya a cikin daban-daban kungiyoyin.

Feature iri ma'adanai

• Native abubuwa. Wannan ya hada da Nuggets metalloids da karafa kamar baƙin ƙarfe, platinum, ko zinariya, kazalika da nonmetals kamar lu'u-lu'u, sulfur da graphite.
• Sulfites, da kuma daban-daban analogs daga gare ta. Chemical rarrabuwa na ma'adanai hada da kungiyar na salts na hydrosulphuric acid, kamar pyrite, galena, da sauransu.
• Oxides, hydroxides, da kuma sauran analogues daga gare ta, shi ne wani karfe fili tare da oxygen. Magnetite, chromite, hematite, goethite - ne babban wakilan wannan rukuni, wadda tayi da sinadaran rarrabuwa na ma'adanai.
• A salts na oxygen acid.
• Halides.

Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura shi ne cewa a cikin rukuni na "gishiri na oxygen acid" akwai kuma wani rarrabuwa na ma'adanai da aji:

• carbonates.
• sulfates.
• tungstates da molybdates.
• phosphates.
• silicates.

Har ila yau, akwai dutse-kafa ma'adanai, zuwa kashi uku kungiyoyin:

• igneous.
• sedimentary.
• metamorphic.

asali

Nau'in ma'adinai asalin hada da uku main kungiyoyin:

• Na ciki. Irin wannan matakai na ma'adinai samuwar a cikin ɗumbin mafiya yawan lokuta unsa gabatarwar a cikin ɓawon burodi na duniya da kuma m hardening na karkashin kasa da zafi gami, wanda ake kira magmas. Kamar wancan ne da samuwar ma'adinai kanta aka yi a uku matakai: magma, pegmatite da postmagmatic.
• Exogenous. A wannan yanayin, da samuwar ma'adanai ne da za'ayi gaba ɗaya a wasu yanayi fiye da na ciki. Exogenous mineralization samar da sinadaran da jiki bazuwar na abubuwa da kuma lokaci daya samuwar marurai da ciwon juriya ga sauran matsakaici. A lu'ulu'u ne kafa ta weathering na na ciki ma'adanai.
• Metamorphic. Ko da kuwa daga cikin hanyoyin samuwar duwatsu, su ƙarfi ko kwanciyar hankali, za su zama ko da yaushe batun sauya ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu yanayi. Breeds cewa an kafa saboda canje-canje a cikin dũkiyarsu, ko abun da ke ciki na asali samfurin, da ake kira metamorphic.

A cewar Fersman da Bauer

Nau'in ma'adanai da kuma Bauer Fersman hada da dama sawmills nufi da farko domin yin daban-daban kayayyakin. Yana hada da:

• Semi-da duwatsu masu daraja.
• masu launin duwatsu.
• organogenic kankara.

jiki Properties

Nau'in ma'adanai da kuma kankara asalin da kuma abun da ke ciki ya hada da wani jam'i na abubuwa, kuma a cikinta kowane kashi yana da wani musamman jiki Properties. Dangane da wadannan sigogi da aka ƙaddara da darajar da musamman irin, kazalika da yiwuwar ta aikace-aikace a cikin daban-daban duniyoyin na mutum aiki.

ƙarfi

Wannan halayyar ne da juriya da m jiki scarring effects na sauran. Saboda haka, idan wani ma'adinai aka dauke softer cewa cewa karce surface, burbushi zai zauna a kan shi.

Principles of taurin ma'adanai rarrabuwa dangane da yin amfani da da Mohs sikelin, wanda aka wakilta musamman zabi nau'in, kowane iya tono ta kaifi karshen kafin nan. Yana hada da wani jerin sunayen goma da ta fara da talc kuma gypsum, kuma ƙare up kamar yadda mutane da yawa sani, da lu'u-lu'u - mafi m.

Asalinsu asali kama a kan gilashin. Idan shi ne wanda za a karce, sa'an nan da rarrabuwa na ma'adinai taurin riga azurta assigning shi a aji 5. Bayan da cewa, taurin yana zuwa da za a tabbatar a kan Mohs sikelin. Haka kuma, idan wani karce a kan gilashin zauna, sa'an nan da samfurin da aka dauka daga cikin bayanin irin 6th aji (feldspar) sa'an nan kokarin zana su a kan so ma'adinai. Saboda haka, idan, misali, feldspar bar wani karce a kan samfurin, kuma apatite, wanda shi ne a karkashin lamba 5, an ba bar, shi ne sanya wani aji 5.5.

Kada ka manta cewa dangane da crystallographic shugabanci na wasu ma'adanai iya bambanta da taurin. Alal misali, a tsakiyan nonon jirage a kan kyanite taurin tare da dogon axis na crystal yana da darajar da 4, yayin da a wannan mai gangara jirgin sama ya ƙãra zuwa 6. Very wuya ma'adanai za a iya samu na musamman a cikin rukuni na ba na ƙarfe ba luster.

haske

Ulla mai sheki ma'adanai ne da za'ayi ta gani daga surface na haske haskoki. A wani littafi a kan ma'adanai rarrabuwa samar da rabo cikin biyu manyan kungiyoyin:

• tare da wani ƙarfe Sheen.
• tare da ba na ƙarfe ba luster.

Na farko da kungiyar hada da wadanda breeds cewa ba da baki da kuma jahannama ne opaque har ma a wani fairly bakin ciki sartse. Wannan ya hada da magnetite, graphite da kwal. Kamar yadda wani togiya, kamar yadda a nan tattauna tare da ba na ƙarfe ba ma'adanai haske da launin line. Wannan ya shafi zinariya da greenish alama, jan da rarrabe ja, azurfa da azurfa-fari, kazalika da dama sauransu.

Ƙarfe a cikin yanayi mai kama da launi na sabo karaya na daban-daban karafa, da kuma za a iya gani a kan wani sabo surface da samfurin ne mai kyau isa, ko idan dauke dutsen-kafa ma'adanai. Nau'in kayayyakin da irin wannan kwanyarsa ma ya hada da opaque alamu da suke da tsanani, fiye da na farko category.

Ƙarfe luster ne halayyar ma'adanai da cewa su ne daban-daban karfe tama.

launi

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa launi ne akai alama kawai domin wasu ma'adanai. Saboda haka, Malachite ne ko da yaushe kore, zinariya ba ya rasa da zinariya-yellow launi, da sauransu. E., Duk da yake ga mutane da yawa da sauran shi ne impermanent. Don sanin da launi, dole ne ka farko samu wani sabo tsakiyan nonon.

Musamman hankali ya kamata a biya su da cewa da rarrabuwa na kaddarorin ma'adanai ma ya hada da wani ra'ayi, kamar launi siffofin (ƙasa foda), wanda sau da yawa daban-daban daga cikin misali. Amma a lokaci guda akwai kuma breeds cewa suna da foda launi ne sosai daban-daban daga nasu. Alal misali, sun hada da calcite, wanda zai iya zama rawaya, fari, blue, da shuɗi, da kuma duk da haka a cikin wasu bambancin, amma foda a wani hali zai zauna fari.

Foda ko ma'adinai hali da aka samu a kan ain, wanda bai kamata a rufe da wani glaze da kuma tsakanin kwararru ne kawai ake kira "biskit". A kan bãyan tẽkun a zana layi ayyana ta da ma'adinai, to, shi ke nan a bit smeared yatsansa. Kada mu manta cewa m da karfi m ma'adanai ba ajiye wani alama saboda gaskiyar cewa "biskit" su kawai zai karce, don haka shi ne na farko zama dole to kankara kashe wani bangare tare da su a kan farar takarda, sa'an nan kara to da ake so jihar.

tsakiyan nonon

Wannan ra'ayi kwakwalwa ma'adinai dukiya crack, ko tsaga a wani shugabanci, yayin da barin wani m m surface. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa Erasmus Bartholin, wanda ya gano wannan dukiya, ka aika da sakamakon binciken da m iko hukumar, wanda ya hada da irin sanannun masana kimiyya kamar Boyle, Hooke, Newton da kuma waɗansu da yawa, amma su gane da gano mamaki bazuwar da kuma dokokin da inganci , ko da yake shi ne kawai wani karni daga baya ya juya daga cewa duk da sakamakon su daidai.

Kamar haka, akwai biyar na asali maki tsakiyan nonon:

• quite m - ma'adinai za a iya sauƙi raba cikin kananan faranti.
• m - a wani hammering samfurin za a raba guntu-guntu, wanda aka iyakance zuwa tsakiyan nonon jirage.
• bayyana ko nufin - a lokacin da ka yi kokarin tsagawa ma'adinai kafa wani ɓaɓɓake cewa an iyakance ba kawai tsakiyan nonon jirage, amma kuma m saman a bazuwar kwatance.
• ajizai - An samu tare da wasu matsaloli.
• m ajizai - tsakiyan nonon shi ne kusan wadanda ba babu.

Wasu ma'adanai da dama kwatance na tsakiyan nonon, wanda sau da yawa zama su main bincike fasalin.

karaya

A karkashin wannan ra'ayi yakan haifar da wata tsaga surface, wanda ya faru a cikin ma'adinai ba ga tsakiyan nonon. Don kwanan wata, a rarrabe tsakanin babban biyar iri karya:

• m - a kan surface, akwai wani sananne bends, amma shi ba ya madubi m kamar yadda a cikin hali na tsakiyan nonon.
• mataki - shi ne hali na crystal ciwon fiye ko žasa bayyanannu, kuma m tsakiyan nonon.
• m - aka nuna, misali, da apatite, kazalika da sauran ma'adanai da ciwon ajizai tsakiyan nonon.
• splintery - hankula ga ma'adinai fiber Bugu da kari kuma wani abu irin wannan ya karya transversely fibrous itace;
• conchoidal - a cikin irin ta surface ne kama da kwatami.

sauran kaddarorin

Popular mai yawan ma'adanai yana da wani bincike, ko alama kamar Magnetic. Domin sanin shi ne na kowa ya yi amfani da wani misali kamfas ko musamman magnetized wuka. Gwaji a cikin wannan yanayin ne kamar haka: dauki wani karamin yanki ko a kananan adadin da gwajin abu foda, bayan wanda ta shãfi magnetized wuka ko shoed. Idan bayan wannan hanya da ma'adinai barbashi an janyo hankalin, aka ce cewa akwai da wasu magnetism. Lokacin amfani da kamfas an sanya a kan wani lebur surface, sa'an nan kuma jira don jeri kibiyoyi da kuma kawo wa shi mai ma'adinai, ba ya ko taɓa na'urar da kanta. Idan da allura ya fara motsa, aka ce cewa ya kasance da halin maganaɗisu.

Wasu ma'adanai a cikin abun da ke ciki dauke da carbonates ƙarƙashin rinjayar hydrochloric acid fara don saki carbon dioxide, wanda aka bayyana a cikin visa kumfa, don haka da yawa kira shi da "tafasar." Daga cikin wadannan ma'adanai suke da daraja: malachite, calcite, alli, marmara da farar ƙasa.

Har ila yau, wasu abubuwa na iya zama mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. Wannan ikon ma'adanai sauki domin sanin dandano, da kuma musamman, shi shafi wani dutse gishiri da potassium gishiri , da sauransu.

Idan bukata nazarin ma'adanai a kan fusibility da konewa, shi wajibi ne don pre-kashe karya karamin samfurin, sa'an nan ta amfani da hanzaki gabatar da shi kai tsaye zuwa cikin harshen a gas kuka, kyandir ko wani barasa fitilar.

Irin kasancewa a cikin yanayin

A mafi yawan lokuta m, a yanayi daban-daban a cikin ma'adanai faruwa kamar yadda aggregates ko guda lu'ulu'u, kuma ƙila za a nuna a cikin nau'i na gungu. A karshen kunshi wani babban yawan hatsi da ciwon ciki crystalline tsari. Saboda haka, uku main kungiyoyin da ciwon rarrabe bayyanar:

• Yanar gizo, daidai da ci gaba a dukkan uku kwatance.
• elongated, ciwon siffar elongated a daya shugabanci.
• miƙa a biyu kwatance yayin da rike uku a wani gajeren tsari.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wasu ma'adanai na iya samar da wata halitta Fused lu'ulu'u, wanda aka sa'an nan gaba ka koma ga tagwaye, tees da sauran sunayen. Irin wannan alamu ne sau da yawa sakamakon Fusion ko juna germination lu'ulu'u.

iri

Kada dame istinbadi aggregates da sababbu aggregates na lu'ulu'u, misali, tare da "goga" ko abokai wanda ake girma a kan garun kogwanni da daban-daban cavities a cikin duwatsu. Drusen ne splices kafa da dama fiye ko žasa yau da kullum da lu'ulu'u, kuma haka incremented da daya karshen duk wani irin. Su samuwar na bukatar wani bude rami, wanda ya samar da ga yiwuwar free ma'adinai girma.

Bugu da kari, da yawa crystalline ma'adanai ne mai basira hadaddun sababbu siffofi, wadda take kaiwa ga samuwar dendrites, da kuma wasu siffofin sinter. Samuwar dendrites aka yi saboda ma m crystallization ma'adanai located in lafiya fasa da pores, cikinsa da dutse a cikin wannan harka fara kama fairly m rassan shuke-shuke.

Sau da yawa, akwai kuma yanayi inda da ma'adanai ana kusan gama cika da kananan komai sarari da take kaiwa zuwa mugunya. Su yi amfani da wani concentric tsarin, da kuma ma'adinai abu ya cika shi da cibiyar daga periphery. Manyan isasshen mugunya, wanda a ciki ne komai sarari, ya kira geodes, yayin da kananan tsarin ake kira tonsils.

Nodules - An ba daidai ba concretions taso keya ko siffar zobe siffar, da samuwar wanda aka sa ta a shaida na aiki ma'adinai abubuwa a kusa da wani qaddara cibiyar. Popular sau da yawa, su ne halin da haskakawa ciki gini, kuma da bambanci da mugunya girma ne da za'ayi, a akasin haka, ga periphery daga cibiyar.