Matsalar muhalli na yankin Chelyabinsk. Dokoki na yankin Chelyabinsk a kan ilimin kimiyya

Akwai lokuttan lokacin da rubuce-rubuce sun kasance a gaba, kuma ba su yi la'akari da irin farashin da aka ba su ba. Ruwa da tsabar ruwa sun zubar cikin kogunan, hayaki mai hakowa zuwa sama, kuma babu komai. Babban abu shi ne, an tsara shirin. Kamfanonin masana'antu na lardin Chelyabinsk, wanda shine daya daga cikin masana'antu mafi yawa a Rasha, ya kuma ba da kulawa da ilimin kimiyya, kodayake sun kasance masu jagoranci a cikin alamun aikin samarwa. A sakamakon wannan tseren, yankin Chelyabinsk ya zama daya daga cikin yankuna goma da aka gurɓata a Rasha don karuwa. A wasu mahimmanci, an sanya shi a kan 73rd na daga 82, sa'an nan a kan 84th daga 85, har ma ba karshe. Bugu da kari ga masana'antu gurbatawa, da yanayi rage Gabas Ural rediyoaktif alama bar bayan da Kyshtym hatsari. Halin halin da ke ciki a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya haifar da karuwa sau uku a yawan marasa lafiya na ciwon daji, kuma kowane ɗayan yana fama da cututtuka a cikin yankin.

Ba za a iya cewa ma'aikatar Ecology na Krai ba ta kokarin warware matsalar. Hukumomi sukan kaddamar da ka'idodin yankin Chelyabinsk akai-akai akan ilimin kimiyya. Musamman, a shekara ta 2016 an ba da sabuwar Dokar, bisa ga yadda za'a gabatar da ɗaliban ilmin halayyar ilimin halayyar ilimin halayyar ilimin halayyar ilimin halayyar ilimin kimiyya don dalibai, za a gudanar da ayyukan kiyayewa na abubuwa na halitta, kuma za a tallafa wa masana'antu da kamfanoni. Lokacin aiwatar da Resolution shine har zuwa 2025. Har ila yau akwai Dokar Game da Kula da Muhalli, Dokar a kan Wastes of Production da Consumption, Dokar kan Abubuwar Ma'adanai Na Musamman. Don masu cin zarafin sunyi amfani da matakan a cikin fansa, har ma a cire su daga sakonni. Kamar yadda muka gani, ana gudanar da aikin muhallin a yankin, amma halin da ake ciki ya zama bakin ciki.

Bayanan Tarihi na Brief

Da zarar ƙasashen lardin Chelyabinsk ya zama kyakkyawa sosai, ruwan kogunan da koguna sun kasance cikakke, ko'ina cikin tsire-tsire ya cika, kuma mutane sunyi jituwa da yanayi. Shirin ya kai wadannan yankuna a ƙarshen karni na 17, amma bai sami wani abu mai amfani ba. Bayan shekaru 70, an gama aikin na biyu, wanda ya hada da masu ilimin lissafi. Sun gudanar da bincike don samun ƙarfe na baƙin ƙarfe a nan, wanda ya zama mafita ga ci gaban masana'antu na yankin. Da farko an gina gine-gine guda daya a Zlatoust, kuma a ƙarshen karni na 18 ya kasance kusan talatin. Musamman mahimman ci gaba na masana'antu na yankin Chelyabinsk ya kasance a cikin shekarun farko na shekaru biyar. A halin yanzu a cikin rukuni na rukuni na Rasha wannan yankin ba shi da daidaito. Tare da gandun daji maras nauyi, yankin yana samar da kashi 50% na samfurori da aka samar a kasar. Birane mafi yawan masana'antu a yankin su ne Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Zlatoust, Karabash, Miass, Troitsk, Ust-Katav, Kopeysk.

Binciken gwaje-gwaje na takaice

Matsalolin muhalli na yankin Chelyabinsk suna haifar da abubuwa masu guba a cikin yanayi, a cikin ƙasa, a cikin koguna da koguna. Mafi haɗari sune:

• Benzpyren. An sake shi cikin iska, tare da ruwan sama ko ta kanta ke sauka a ƙasa, daga inda ya shiga cikin tsire-tsire. Yana iya tara a jikin. Yana da rauni mai tsanani, yana haifar da maye gurbin a cikin kwayoyin halittar, yana lalata DNA.
• Formaldehyde. Very mai guba da fashewa. Yana haifar da cututtuka na idanu, fata, tsarin jin tsoro.
• Hydrogen sulphide. A ƙananan gwaje-gwajen, yana da amfani, idan ka'idoji sun wuce, yana haifar da tashin zuciya, ciwon kai, magungunan harshe, zai iya haifar da mutuwa.
• Nitrogen dioxide. Yana haddasa ruwa mai ruwa, yana da guba, canza canjin jini.
• Ƙarshen ƙarfe. Rage ci gaba da bunkasa yara. Mai iya tarawa a cikin tsire-tsire, a cikin kifi, a nama na tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Mutane na iya haifar da ciwon daji da kuma sauran cututtuka masu tsanani.

Chelyabinsk Air

Wannan birni mai kyau ana kira babban birnin kasar Urals. Tarihinsa ya jagoranci tun shekara ta 1743. Duk shekaru uku da suka wuce masana'antu sun bunkasa a nan. Matsalolin muhalli na yankin Chelyabinsk sun tashi ne dangane da aikin masana'antun masana'antu kamar ƙwayar tsire-tsire (Electrometallurgical Plant), zinc shuka (CZP), ƙerawa da kuma latsawa, kwatar-kwandon, gini na injiniya, shuke-shuke gine-gine.

Bugu da ƙari, kare muhalli, masana'antar sufuri suna ci gaba. A cikin birnin ga mutane 1000 (ciki har da jarirai) akwai motoci 340, ƙananan cututtukan da suka kai kimanin kilo mita 120, ko 44% na duk wani gurbataccen muhalli. Mafi yawan abin da ke cikin yanayin muhalli shine ƙwayoyin ƙarfe (CMP), wanda ke dauke da kashi 46.6% na dukkan abubuwa masu haɗari a yanayin. Ana amfani da Fortum na biyu, wanda ya hada da uku CEC da GRES. Na uku wuri ne na CECM. A cikin Chelyabinsk iska, lokacin da aka samo samfurin samfurin, yawancin MPC na benzpyrene, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, phenol da hydrogen sulphide ana kiyaye a wasu lokuta.

Chelyabinsk ruwa

Matsalar muhalli na yankin Chelyabinsk suna hade da gurɓataccen iska ba kawai iska ba. Enterprises guba ruwa a cikin jikin ruwa. Shekara guda suna jefa kimanin kusan miliyoyin m3 miki a cikin kogunan, suna kashe dukan abubuwa masu rai a cikinsu. Babban ruwa na birnin shine kogin Miass. Ana karɓar kayan da ba a ba da izini ba daga kamfanoni 26, ciki har da gonaki. A cikin ruwan na Miass, kayan da aka dakatar, karafa, da kuma albarkatun man fetur sun sami 2-15 sau fi MAC. Kusa da garin Karabash a Miass ya haɗu da kogin Sak-Elga, wanda, a gaskiya, ya zama mai karɓa. Masu binciken ilimin kimiyya sun gano nauyin karfe mai nauyi a wannan wuri a cikin ruwayen Miass, har zuwa 1 130 MPC. Duk da wannan gudana a cikin Argazi tafki. Mazauna Chelyabinsk da yankin suna shan ruwa daga wani tafkin - Shershnevsky. A yau, ma'aikatar muhalli na yankin Chelyabinsk, ta yin ma'auni, ta bayar da hukunci a kan cikakken cika ka'idojin ruwa a wannan kandami. Duk da haka, kwamishinan zaman kanta na masana'antun muhalli daga Moscow, bisa ga ma'auni, ya gane rashin daidaituwa a tsakanin tafkin Shershnev da tushen sha.

Chelyabinsk kasa

Kasashe a birni ma sun gurɓata. A cikinsu, an gano arsenic, cadmium, da kuma gubar da suka wuce ka'ida, kuma abun ciki na zinc ya zarce MAC kusan kusan 20%. Matsalolin muhalli na yankin Chelyabinsk, game da gurbataccen kasa, yana haifar da damuwa tsakanin ma'aikata. Ya zuwa yanzu, adadin ƙasa mai tsabta da aka gurbata tare da ƙarfe mai nauyi yana da murabba'in mita 95.6. A lokaci guda kuma, an gano benzpyrene a bisa al'ada ta hanyar hectare 21.8, kayayyakin man fetur - ta hanyar dubu 1.9, zinc - ta hanyar dubu 12, arsenic - ta hanyar hectare dubu 3.8. Yana da wuya a yi tunanin abin da kayan lambu ke tsiro akan waɗannan ƙasashe.

Yanayin mafi haɗari yana kusa da kamfanin Mechel, inda benzpyrene a cikin kasa yana zuwa ne a yayin da ake kira 437 MPC, kuma mai nisan kilomita 1 daga Mechel - 80 MPC. Har ila yau, ƙasar kusa da CHEMK, inda benzpyrena na 40 MPCs, da kuma ChTZ, inda wannan kwayar cututtukan kwayoyi 20 MPCs ne, kuma ba shi da kyau.

Magnitogorsk

Wannan birni yana da tarihinta tun 1929, lokacin da aka gina haɗin gwaninta a nan, kodayake katangar Magnetic ta kasance daga tsakiyar karni na 18. Yanzu a cikin sharudda samar da Magnitogorsk zama matsayi na biyu a yankin. Mafi yawan masana'antu a nan su ne tsire-tsire masu tsada-tsire (MMK), masana'antun gyare-gyaren sintiri da na turbaya, OAO Montazhnik, HiringMontazh, SITNO, da Magnitostroy. Godiya ga rashin amincewa da shugabannin su, ilimin ilimin kimiyya na lardin Chelyabinsk duka yana shan azaba. Rabawar MMK a gurɓataccen yanayi na birnin shine 96%. Idan ka bayyana wannan adadi, zane-zane zai kasance mai ban mamaki. Kowace rana tsire-tsire ta aika da tamanin 128 na ƙura a cikin yanayi, 152 ton na SO2 (wannan shine sulfur dioxide). A cikin ƙura, waɗannan abubuwa suna samuwa fiye da na MPC a cikin sau 3-10: gubar, jan ƙarfe, chromium, baƙin ƙarfe, benzene, benzpyrene, toluene, kuma iska ya ƙazantu a cikin dukan birane. A cikin ƙasa, al'adun arsenic sun wuce sau 155, nickel sau 43, benzpyrene sau 87. A waje da birnin halin da ake ciki ba mafi kyau. A nan, abubuwa masu haɗari a kasa suna samuwa "kawai" 45 sau fiye da al'ada.

Zlatoust

An gina wannan birni a cikin layi tare da gina na farko a cikin filin ajiya, wato, a 1754. Yanzu masana'antun masana'antu na yankin Chelyabinsk sun kasance a nan - ƙananan masana'antar lantarki da na'ura-injuna, ma'aikata makamai, da kayan aiki da sauran kamfanoni goma sha biyar. Dukkanin, suna jefa cikin yanayi game da ton miliyan 7.7 na abubuwa masu cutarwa a kowace shekara. Daga 1993 zuwa 1996, sabili da kokarin masu muhalli, an rage kimanin fam miliyan 1.5, amma tun shekarar 2000 sun sake tashi. Hukumomi na gari suna ƙoƙarin inganta yanayin ilimin halitta, wanda aka tsabtace kayan daji a cikin tafkin Balashikha, tsarin tsagewa da tsawon kilomita 2, wanda aka tsara domin tafkin ruwan da aka gurbata, an gina shi.

Karabash

A wannan kauye akwai kawai mutane 11,000. Daga Chelyabinsk zuwa gare shi a kan hanya madaidaiciya dan kadan fiye da 80 km. Karabash wata ƙananan gari ce, saboda haka babu masana'antu da yawa a nan. Daga cikinsu suna da tsire-tsire 2 da kuma CJSC Karabashmed. Wannan masana'antun da ke samar da jan karfe jan karfe yana ƙoƙari ya sa ilimin kimiyya na yankin Chelyabinsk ya kasance mafi munin cikin kasar.

Kwayar ma ta yi ƙoƙari ta rufe shi, domin a kowace shekara yana "ba" duk wanda ke zaune a cikin nau'in ton na sulfuric anhydrite, wanda shine magungun abu mai ban sha'awa. A cikin yanayin, ya zo cikin haɗari da iskar oxygen, yana haddasa ruwan sama. Yanzu halin da ake ciki a Karabash an gane shi ne mahimmanci. A kusa da birnin da shuka na shekaru da yawa na aiki da aka lalatar da tsibirin heapps har zuwa mita 40 high. Akwai kuma wani m Mountain, inda 'yan ƙasa yi posted da kalmomin "Ajiye kuma Kare". Rubutun dabam shine Sakirin El-Elga. Ruwan da ke ciki yana da rawaya-orange, kuma gabar tekun suna fringed da duwatsun da aka rushe su ta hanyar lalacewar sinadaran.

Sauran birane

Yawancin tambayoyi game da ilimin ilimin halayyar ilmin halitta sun haifar da garin Ozersk, mafi yawan gaske, ƙungiyar ta "Mayak", wanda ke samar da kayan aikin nukiliya da kuma adana makaman nukiliya. Hanyoyin radiyo a wannan birni na da matsakaici a Rasha, amma sharar da aka jefa a cikin kogin Techa a yanzu yana aiki a matsayin tushen radiation ga daruruwan mutane.

Halin halin da ake ciki a birnin Korkino, da kuma a ƙauyen Rosa. A nan iska tana guba shan taba shan taba. Abin sha'awa, masana masanan suna kiran halin da ake ciki a yanzu ba hatsari ba, kuma sun hada da shan taba benzpyrene ba ya wuce MPC, da kuma kwararru na Moscow waɗanda suka dauki nauyin, sun gane Korkino a matsayin wani masifa.

Kada ku yi hutawa ga hukumomi da matsalolin muhallin birnin Chebarkul, yankin Chelyabinsk. Akwai ƙananan kamfanoni a nan. Daga cikin su akwai shinge, ƙuƙwalwa da kuma kamfanonin plywood-tile. Don yanayin yanayin muhalli, wannan shuka, wanda ke amfani da formaldehyde, ya kawo shi. Lokacin ƙonewa ko adana kayan aikin lalata formaldehyde ya shiga cikin iska, cikin ƙasa da cikin ruwa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yawanta ya wuce MPC sau da yawa.

Radiation

Kungiyar samar da "Mayak" ta haifar da damuwa ta musamman game da batun radiation a cikin yankin Chelyabinsk, wanda yake shi ne, bari mu maimaita, a Ozersk. A wannan aikin dabarun, tun daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, an rubuta yanayin gaggawa 32, wanda ya zama babban karuwa a cikin bayanan radiation. Na dogon lokaci, dukkanin raguwar rediyo da ke dauke da isotopes na strontium, ceium, plutonium, zirconium, sun kasance sun shiga cikin Techa River, wanda ya haifar da hangen nesa ga duk mai rai a kan tekuna. A cikin duka, tsawon shekaru 50 na aiki (har zuwa 2000), Mayak ya aika da biliyoyin 1.8 na kwakwalwa na abubuwa masu rediyo a cikin yanayi, yana gurbata 25,000 km2. Don ƙazantaccen ruwa bai shiga kogi ba, an gina wasu tankuna na lantarki, ana kiran ginin. Amma ba su cika nauyin da aka sanya ba saboda zayyana kurakurai. Bugu da ƙari, haɗin gizon rediyo na Gabas-Ural, wadda aka kafa bayan hadarin Mayak wanda ya faru a shekara ta 1957, yana ɗauke da hadari. Daga bisani, saboda fashewa na daya daga cikin asibitoci na raye-raye, fiye da miliyan 20 na isotopes na rediyo sun shiga cikin yanayi, wanda iska ta busa zuwa Tyumen. Mutanen da aka kama a cikin girgijen sun sake saiti, an lalatar da dukiyoyinsu, kuma aka gina Rundunar Ural ta Gabas a yankin da aka gurbata. A nan, har yanzu bazai yiwuwa a tattara namomin kaza, berries, kifi, kiwo da shanu ba, har ma kawai tafiya.

Gida na gida

Ma'aikatar Ilimin Lafiya ta yankin Chelyabinsk ta shafi dukkan matsalolin da ke sama. Amma a babban birni na lardin Chelyabinsk akwai wata babbar mahimmanci na gurɓataccen abu - dumped waste debts. Sakamakon mafi kyau ga wannan matsala shi ne gina kamfanoni masu sarrafa kayan sharar gida. A Chelyabinsk, ba su samuwa ba. Duk wani datti a kowace rana, farawa a 1949, an kai shi zuwa wani tashe-tashen wuri a birni. Yanzu yanki yana kusa da 80 km2, kuma tsawo na dutsen dutsen yana da mita 40. Daga dukkan ayyukan da za a kawar da irin wannan tushen yaduwar tsabtace muhalli, kawai ana gudanar da wasanni. Gwamnan yankin ya sanya kudaden kasafin kudi na raba dala biliyan 1 don warwarewa a cikin Chelyabinsk, da kuma inganta yanayin da ake ciki a Karabash, a Chebarkul da kuma wasu gundumomi daban daban na yankin.