Majalisar jumhuriya: misalai na kasashen. Majalisar jumhuriya: jerin

Akwai da dama na asali siffofin gwamnati a cikin zamani duniya, wanda ya kafa tarihi. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu mayar da hankali a kan irin wannan tsarin siyasa a matsayin majalisar jumhuriya. Misalai na kasashen da za ka iya samu a wannan labarin.

Mene ne wannan?

Majalisar Jamhuriyar (misalai na kasashen a cikin wannan nau'i na gwamnatin za a iya samu a kasa) - a irin gwamnatin da dukkan iko na musamman majalisu jiki - majalisar dokokin kasar. A kasashe daban-daban shi ne ake kira daban: Bundestags - a Jamus, Jihar majalisar - a Austria, da Saeima - a Poland, da sauransu ..

A tsari na gwamnati "majalisar jumhuriya" ne halin da farko da cewa shi ne majalisar Forms da gwamnatin, wanda shi ne cikakken lissafi ga shi, da kuma Yana zãɓen da shugaban kasar (a mafi yawan lokuta). Kamar yadda duk wannan ke faruwa a aikace? Bayan majalisar zabe na jama'ar Party ta lashe a mafiya ta samar da wata kungiyar hadin kan wanda sabuwar gwamnatin da aka kafa. A wannan yanayin, kõwace ƙungiya samun wani yawan "mukamai" a daidai da nauyi a cikin kawance. Kuma haka, 'yan sentences, kuma zai iya bayyana da aiki na wani mahaluži kamar majalisar jumhuriya.

Misalai na kasashen - da "tsarki" majalisar jamhuriyoyin - zai iya haifar da wadannan: shi ne Jamus, Austria, Ireland, India (wannan shi ne mafi classic misalai). Tun shekarar 1976, adadin su ya kara da cewa Portugal, kuma tun 1990 - Afrika na Cape Verde.

Kada dame Concepts kamar majalisar daular mulkinsu da kuma majalisar jumhuriya, ko da yake su suna kama. Babban kama shi ne cewa duka wuraren overriding dalĩli abubuwa a matsayin majalisar kasar da shugaban (ko monarch) yana da kawai wakilin aiki, watau shi ne kawai wani irin alama ce ta kasa. Amma babban bambanci tsakanin wadannan siffofin gwamnati ne mai majalisar jumhuriya a wanda shugaban kasar da aka zabe ta majalisar kowane lokaci, kuma a cikin wannan matsayi na daular mulkinsu ne hereditary.

Jamhuriyar: shugaban, yan majalisar dokoki, gauraye

Don kwanan wata, akwai iri uku jihohi. Ya danganta da girman da fadin da ikon shugaban kasa - shugaban kasar - rarrabe shugaban kasa da majalisar jumhuriya. A classic misali da wani shugaban jamhuriyar ko da yaushe ake magana a Amurka, misalai na gargajiya majalisar jumhuriya - Jamus, Italiya, Czech Republic da sauransu.

Har ila yau, na uku irin aka kasaftawa da kuma Jamhuriyar - abin da ake kira gauraye. A cikin irin wannan jihohi, biyu rassan suna dauke da kusan guda ikon da kuma iko da juna. A mafi daukan hankali misalai na irin kasashen - France, Romania.

Babban halaye na majalisar jumhuriya

All States of majalisar jumhuriya da irin wannan fasali, abin da ya kamata a jera:

• zartarwa ikon nasa ne gaba ɗaya da shugaban gwamnatin, shi zai iya zama da firaministan kasar ko Chancellor.
• Shugaban aka zabe ga matsayin da ba mutane, da kuma majalisar (ko da musamman hukumar).
• Firayim ministan nada ta shugaban kasa, ko da yake gabatar da by yawan shugabannin da su samar da wata rinjaye hadaka.
• cikakken alhakin na gwamnatin kasar mataki shaida ta kai;
• duk ayyukan da shugaban zai zama aiki ne kawai idan suna da hannu da firaministan kasar, ko da dacewa ministan.

Majalisar jumhuriya: jerin kasashen

Yaduwar a duniya wannan nau'i na gwamnati ne babban isa. A halin yanzu, akwai game da talatin majalisar jumhuriya, shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa guda adadi a wannan batun ba. Gaskiyar cewa wasu kasashen ne mai wuya a sanyã wa wani irin. Misalai majalisar Jamhuriyar aka ba a kasa (da suka rarraba kan sassan duniya):

• Turai - Albania, Girka, Bulgaria, Italy, Estonia, Ireland, Iceland, Jamus, Poland, Portugal, Malta, Lithuania, Latvia, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Finland, Slovenia da Slovakia.
• Asia - Turkey, da Isra'ila, da Nepal, da Singapore, India, Bangladesh, Iraq.
• Afirka - Ethiopia.
• a Amurka - Dominica.
• Oceania - Vanuatu.

Kamar yadda zamu iya gani, da majalisar jumhuriya, da jerin wanda ya hada da fiye da kasashe 30, ne marinjãya a cikin Turai yankin. Wani alama cewa nan da nan ya kama da ido - yawancin wadannan kasashe (musamman idan muka yi magana game da Turai) tana nufin tattalin arziki ɓullo da nasara jihar da wani babban matakin na demokra] iyya ci gaba.

Idan muka yi la'akari da kasashen duniya ranking da matakin na dimokuradiyya (kungiyar Economist Leken Asiri Unit), za mu iya ganin cewa daga cikin 25 jihohin da aka bayar da mafi girman matsayi na "cikakken mulkin demokra] iyya", a} asashe 21 - a majalisar jumhuriya da kuma daular mulkinsu. Har ila yau, wadannan kasashe su ne shugabannin a cikin ranking na IMF cikin sharuddan da capita GDP na kasar. Saboda haka za mu iya amince ce cewa mafi inganci da kuma ci nasara form hukumar (aiki lokaci) ne daidai majalisar Jamhuriyar.

A jerin kasashen da sama, da kuma za a iya wakilta da wadannan map cewa majalisar jumhuriya alama a orange:

"Ribobi" da "fursunoni" da wannan nau'i na gwamnati

Babban abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin tsarin siyasa ne da wadannan:

• majalisar tsarin samar da hadin kai a majalisu da kuma zartarwa reshe.
• duk da manufofi na gwamnati, kamar yadda mai mulkin, sami cikakken goyon bayan majalisar, wadda tabbatar barga aiki na dukan tsarin na gwamnati.
• Wannan kula da tsarin ba ka damar da cikakken bi da manufa na kasa misali a cikin gwamnati.

Akwai, duk da haka, a cikin 'yan majalisun jamhuriyoyin da kuma rashin amfani da suke partially daga cikin isa yabo na tsarin siyasa. Na farko shi ne rashin zaman lafiya na hadin gwiwa kungiya ta kashin, wanda sau da yawa take kaiwa zuwa siyasa crises (m misalai - Ukraine ko Italiya). Har ila yau, sau da yawa sosai da gwamnatin hadaka dole daina amfani ga kasar ta ayyuka, domin ya yi riko da akida layi na hadaka yarjejeniya.

Wani gagarumin hasara na majalisar jumhuriya - wani hatsarin usurpation na da iko a gwamnatin jihar a lokacin da majalisar dokokin kasar ne, a gaskiya, ya jũya a cikin saba "stamping inji" ga dokokin.

Next, la'akari da peculiarities na tsarin siyasa mafi mashahuri a duniya na majalisar jamhuriyoyin: Austria da Jamus da Indiya da kuma Poland.

Tarayyar Austria

A Austria majalisar dokokin kasar da ake kira da "Diet" da wakilai, an zabe ga wani ajali na shekaru hudu. A kasar tsakiyar majalisar dokokin kasar - Tarayya zargin Austria - kunshi biyu bẽnãye: Natsionalrat (183 wakilai,) da kuma Bundesrat (62 wakilai,). Bugu da kari, ka rage cin abinci yana a cikin kowane daga cikin tara tarayya lardunan Austria.

A Austria, kawai game da 700 rijista jam'iyyun, amma a wannan lokaci, a lokacin da a Austria majalisar wakilci kawai biyar na su.

Tarayyar Jamus

A Jamus majalisar dokokin kasar kuma zabe na tsawon shekaru hudu. Ya kunshi biyu da bẽnãye, da Bundestags, ciki har da 622 wakilai,, da kuma Bundesrat (69 mambobin). The wakilai, na Bundesrat - shi ne wakilan duk 16 na kasar asashe. Kowace daga cikin tarayya jihohin da daga 3 zuwa 6 mambobin a cikin kasa majalisa (dangane da girman da Earth).

A Jamus majalisar matsayin Tarayya Chancellor, wanda shi ne shugaban zartarwa reshe, kuma, a gaskiya, shi ne babban mutum a jihar. Tun shekarar 2005, wannan ofishin a Jamus Angela Merkel daukan - na farko mace Tarayya Chancellor ta ofishin a tarihin kasar.

A Jamhuriyar Poland

Yaren mutanen Poland majalisar Sejm ne da sunan, shi ne kuma mai bicameral. A Yaren mutanen Poland majalisar kunshi sassa biyu: shi ne ainihin Diet, wanda ya kunshi 460 wakilai, da kuma majalisar dattijai, hada da 100 wakilai,. Saeima aka zabe ta gwargwado misali, bisa ga D'Hondt Hanyar. A lokaci guda samun majalisar wurin zama a cikin Diet iya zama waɗanda aka bai akalla 5% na kuri'un da aka kada a wani a kasar kuri'a (tare da banda kawai wakilan kananan kabilu jam'iyyun).

A Jamhuriyar Indiya

Indiya ne ma a majalisar jumhuriya a cikin abin da duk ikon da aka bada a majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma gwamnatin, wanda suka kafa. Indian majalisar dokokin kasar ta kunshi Mutane majalisar kasar, da majalisar Amurka - jiki da cewa wakiltar bukatun mutum jihohi.

The People ta House (Lok Sabha) wakilai, zabe ta duniya kuri'u. Total (matsakaicin karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na India) da yawan mambobi ne na House of the People - 552 mutane. A rayuwa na wani taro na House ne shekaru 5. Duk da haka, da Lok Sabha iya narkar da shugaban kasar da wuri, da kuma a wasu yanayi Indian dokokin samar ga tsawo na da bẽne, sabõda shekara guda. India karkashin jagorancin jama'ar kasar bẽne magana wanda bayan zaben da wannan matsayi da aka zamar masa dole ya janye daga jam'iyyar.

Tip States (Rajya Sabha) an kafa ta kaikaitaccen zaben da ya hada da 'yan majalisar dokokin 245. Kowane shekaru biyu, da abun da ke ciki na Rajya Sabha da aka wallafa da na uku.

A ƙarshe ...

Yanzu kana da wani tunani na abin da a majalisar jumhuriya. Misalai na kasashen ma ya nuna mana a cikin wannan farar takarda: shi ne Austria, Jamus, Italiya, Poland, India, Singapore, da Jamhuriyar Czech da kuma sauran ƙasashe (total - game da 30 jihohin). A ƙarshe, za mu iya ce cewa tsarin siyasa na gwamnati yana da biyu da abũbuwan amfãni, kuma ta drawbacks. Duk da haka, a yau majalisar jumhuriya - shi ne mafi inganci da tasirin nau'i na gwamnati a duniya.