Majagaba - Pioneers na Tarayyar Soviet ne ...

Ka san ma'anar kalmar "hidimar majagaba"? Yaya ta zo daga? Wani da ake kira don haka? Wadannan da sauran tambayoyi za mu amsa a wannan labarin. Kira majagaba majagaba majagaba. Kuma duk da haka ya kira soja post ko jerin a cikin aikin injiniya da sojojin na sojojin kasar na Rasha Empire a cikin XVIII-XIX ƙarni da kuma wasu zamani kasashen (misali, Jamus).

Sabawa da kalmar "majagaba", wani mutum zai iya yi a hankali da rana ko sapper Jamus jihohi, ko soja ne a lura da gina earthworks, staging gadoji, digging ramuka, hanyoyi lissafi da sauransu. Kuma duk da haka sun kira 'yan Majagaba motsi - kwaminisanci yara kungiyoyin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma sauran gurguzu jihohi, halitta da bukatunsu na scouting ayyukan.

darajar

Kamar yadda Ifraimu, da majagaba - shi ne wanda ya fara sanya masa hanya zuwa wani sabon, unexplored yanki ko kasar, da kuma soma nazarin shi. Shin, wanda ya aza harsashin ginin wani sabon abu a cikin filin na al'adu, kimiyya ko wani filin daga aiki. Efremov kuma yi imanin cewa, majagaba ne duka biyu mambobi ne na gurguzu samuwar yara a matsayin sojoji da kuma sapper raka'a injiniya sojojin. Ushakov da konewa ne guda ma'anar kalmar. A Dahl ta kamus jihohi da cewa a baya ya wanzu a matsayin majagaba da kuma doki.

asalin

Saboda haka abin da ake nufi "hidimar majagaba"? Kalmar da aka aro daga Rasha-magana jama'ar na da harshen Faransanci a farkon na XVIII karni da kuma shi da aka yi amfani da su nufi "warrior kafar soja." A tsawon lokaci, wannan fassarar ya tafi a tarihi, kuma da kalmar "majagaba" fara kira da majagaba - mutanen da suka lalubo sabbin en.

Lokacin kammala Oktoba 1917 juyin juya halin a Rasha ya fara haifar da farko da yara kungiyoyin, wanda mambobin so ya zama na farko a cikin kome. Suna so su zamantakewa ya sa a kan "hanya zuwa ga annuri gobe."

A farko sojojin

Majagaba ... Su wanene su? All-sunan-rana majagaba dauke May 19, 1922. Cewa wannan rana, a 2nd All-Russian Congress na Sun kwaminis League, an yanke shawarar soma haifar da teams a fadin kasar. Shahararren kungiyar tun 1924 Bears sunan V. I. Lenina. A shekara ta 1925, jihar kaddamar da jaridar "Majagaba gaskiya", wanda sau da yawa ƙauna da ake kira "Majagaba".

A farko raka'a krasnogalstuchnikov yi a YCL tsarin a cikin masana'antu, a ofisoshi, kai kashi a cleanup, taimaka kashe jahilci, to magance rashin matsuguni. An fara daga 1920s. Wadannan kungiyoyi da aka kafa a makarantu. Kowane makaranta ya kasance majagaba tawagar, da kuma a cikin aji - jam'iyyar. Iya zama wani majagaba kusan kowane yaro na 9-10 shekaru. A bikin keɓe bikin da yara rantsar, alkawarin "live, yaki da kuma koyi, kamar yadda gãdar zuwa babban Lenin, kamar yadda aka koyar da jam'iyyar kwaminis."

Majagaba - shi ne wata alama ce da Soviet zamanin. Ya sa wani ja kunnen doki (as wata ãyã daga cikin sauyi ja flag), da icon tare da taken "Koyaushe shirye!" Kuma images of harshen wuta daga cikin wuta, Lenin ta profile da biyar-nuna star. A babban wuri a cikin ayyukan da yara sun shagaltar da krasnogalstuchnoy tsaron-soja aiki: mugs tushen jinya, matasa marksmen, sadarwa, da aka gudanar a wasanni da kuma soja wasan.

motsi

Shin, ba ka san cewa wani majagaba - wannan shi ne wani misali domin duk? A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet akwai wani taro motsi Timur, ya mai suna a matsayin sunan da gwarzo labarin "Timur da tawagar", wanda aka rubuta ta hanyar A. P. Gaydar. Majagaba a cikin wannan hanya a matsayin samfurin da haruffa taimake naƙasasshe iyalan sojojin, tsofaffi. A postwar lokaci timurovtsi da angarorin na haihuwa Bolsheviks, tattara sharar gida takarda da ya da karfe in winter, rani - ganye, ya taimaka Tsohon soji na yaki, aiki a kan girbi.

A kasar, akwai wani tsarin da manyan gidãje (gidãje) majagaba da daban-daban da'irori (fasaha, wasanni, art), da kuma majagaba sansanonin, inda yara a lokacin da bazara holidays. M halayen rayuwa na karshe kamfanoni sun campfires da songs, da yamma da kuma da safe line (shiri na duk raka'a), Yunƙurin da gangaren flag, kudade krasnogalstuchnikov (tarurruka kishin daban-daban m jigogi). A mafi kyau dauke "Eaglets" da "Artek" Sun Majagaba sansanonin, wanda aka located a kan Black Sea. Majagaba shekaru da aka kammala a shekaru 14, kuma mutane da yawa yara shiga cikin Komsomol.

bacewar

Saboda haka, mun gano cewa, wani majagaba - wani m abokin. Abin baƙin ciki, bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet ban mamaki kungiyar shi ta kusan kammala ta aiki. A Rasha a yau akwai farko da kungiyoyin, amma su ne 'yan da ba Popular tsakanin yara. A shekarar 1990-ies. wasu zamantakewa tsarin kokarin maye gurbin bace Scout Movement kungiyar da sarrafa a pre-neman sauyi Rasha, amma shi ma bai kawo wani sakamakon.

publicism

Yau, mutane da yawa tambaya abin da wani majagaba. A definition wannan kalma an manta da yawa. Duk da haka, a kan wani yawa songs da littattafai da aka rubuta krasnogalstuchnikah Tarayyar Soviet, yin fim, mafi yawan abin da ba shi da wani m darajar. Ya kamata a lura da cewa masu sauraro gaske son wannan comedy na bazara sansanin "Barka, baƙo ko shigar da vospreschon!".

A yau magana, musamman tsofaffi, za ka iya, wani lokacin ji da kalmar "kamar yadda wani majagaba (Majagaba)," ie, "don gudanar da wani abu a cikin wani tarbiyya, m." Kuma kalmar "Koyaushe shirye!" Yana nufin yarda da nufin yin wani abu. A Soviet aikin jarida krasnogalstuchnikov kira matasa Leninists (magoya bayan V. I. Lenina).

taye

Ta hanyar da samuwar yara ƙirƙira sabon cadres ga Soviet kasar. Wasu iyaye haramta yara zama majagaba, amma su har yanzu zo a cikin kungiyar. Suna da su ɓuya daga inna da baba dangantaka. A Tarayyar Soviet, kusan duk yara sun majagaba. Da farko yaro zuwa makaranta, kuma ya aka karɓa a cikin Octobrists, bayan da ya nuna alfahari sa a kan kirji alama tare da wani hoto na curly-masu gashi yaro.

Lokacin da yaro ya jũya 9 shekaru da haihuwa, ya na takarar da aka amince a taron naúrar, sa'an nan sadaukar da majagaba. Kuma a karshe, a karshen binciken, a matsayin "karshe mataki na samuwar mutum dalibi," ya aka mika Komsomol lamba.

Kowane mutum na da aka bukata don ci wani majagaba Majagaba taye. Ya za a iya sanya daga duk wani masana'anta, amma ko da yaushe ya zama ja. Dalibai sun iya ƙulla da musamman kulli. Idan yaro ya sauka a makaranta tare da wani rumpled, ya taye cikin sauri, ko kuma kada ba tare da shi, sai aka dauke a kunya. Majagaba ko da yaushe ya zama m, shirya da kuma tare da girmamawa ga ci ibãdar su kungiyar.

Me yi da uku iyakar taye? Sukan nuna azama da hadin kai na uku ƙarnõni: gurguzu, Pioneers da Komsomol members. A wasu ƙasashe, da motsi a cikin wani ja gyale akwai ba tare da wani canje-canje (Moldova, Venezuela, North Korea, China, Cuba, Vietnam).

heroes

Soviet majagaba, sun kammala feat lokacin da samuwar na Soviet gwamnatin, yakin duniya na biyu, da ake kira heroes.

Su images aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin wani misali na babban halin kirki. A 1954, da hukuma jerin heroes-majagaba da aka halitta, kuma aka hada da Karimci, ya tsarkaka littafin All-Union Sun Majagaba Organization mai suna bayan V. I. Lenina, to wanda aka a haɗe da Littafi na karimci, na gida raka'a krasnogalstuchnikov.

wartime

Shahararren majagaba-heroes of Great Patriotic War? Tuni a farkon zamanin yakin for Brest sansanin soja bambanta 14-shekara Klypa Petya - mai digiri na biyu daga cikin m mutanena su ka. Mutane da yawa majagaba yi yaƙi da Nazis a partisan kungiyoyin, wanda suka scouts da kuma yunkurin zagon kasa, da kuma gudanar da clandestine ayyukan.

Na matasa ƙungiyõyinsu a gabãninsu ne sanannen Dubinin Volodya, Kazei Marat, Golikov Lenya, Zhora Antonenko, Valya Kotik. Dukan su suka mutu a cikin yãƙi amma Dubinina Volodi, fashe a kan wata nawa. Kowane daga cikinsu, fãce overage Golikova Loni, a lokacin mutuwa ya 13-14 shekaru.

Sau da yawa sosai, dalibai suka yi jihãdi a cikin sojojin raka'a (abin da ake kira " 'ya'ya mata da kuma' ya'ya maza na regiments" - da aka sani labarin na Kataeva Valentina "Ɗan rajimanti").

Majagaba na Great Patriotic War nuna su mafi kyau halaye a cikin yãƙi. Saboda haka, 15-shekara Chekmak Vilor kudin nasa rai ajiye wani partisan detachment na Sevastopol. Yaron yana da yanayin zuciyar, shi ya kasance wani yaro, amma a 1941, a watan Agusta, ya tafi zuwa cikin dazuzzuka da ƙungiyõyinsu a gabãninsu. Ya kasance a kan sintiri a kan Nuwamba 10, don haka na farko don ganin gabatowa punitive detachment. Vilor bindiga ya yi gargadin game da barazanar da guerrillas, kuma daya dauki yaki da fascists. Lokacin da ya gudu daga harsasai, ya jira domin makiya za su je kusa da shi, da kuma hura tashi da kansa tare da wani gurnati Nazis. Vilor aka binne shi a makabarta yakin duniya na II Tsohon soji a kauyen Dergachi, kusa Sevastopol.

A mafi tsunduma girma majagaba? Su warshy jirgin ta boys suka bauta wa a Soviet raya kasance aiki a masana'antu, ya maye gurbin manya suka tafi wajen ƙofar, ya dauki bangare a cikin yakin tsaron gida.

A tashar Obol (Vitebsk yankin) Komsomol karkashin kasa da kungiyar "Sun ramuwa" an halitta. Yana yi majagaba Portnova da Zaina, shiga cikin sahu na Komsomol karkashin kasa, hukuncin kisa da Nazis da Hero na Tarayyar Soviet posthumously bayar da muƙamin.

Dubun dubatar samarin aka bayar ga soja abin yabo:

• Order of Red Banner aka bayar - Yuliy Kantemirov, Dubinin Volodya, Makarikhin Andrey, Konstantin Kravchuk Kamanin Arkady .
• Order of Lenin - Vitya Korobkov, Shumov Tolya, Kaznacheev Volodya, Lenya Golikov Chekalin Aleksandr.
• Order of Red Star - Samoruha Volodya Efremov Alex, Andrianov Vanya, Ankinovich Lenya, Kovalenko Vitya, Kamanin Arkady (sau biyu);
• Order na Patriotic War 1st digiri - Volkov Valery, Klypa Pete, Kovalov Sasha.

daruruwan majagaba aka bayar da lambar yabo "partisan na Great Patriotic War", fiye da 15 000 - da lambar "Ga tsaro na Leningrad", kan 20 000 samu lambar "Gama tsaron na Moscow".

Hero na Tarayyar Soviet da aka bayar da biyar majagaba: Golikov Lenya, Valya Kotik, Kazei Marat, Portnova da Zaina, Chekalin Alexander. Mutane da yawa daga cikin matasa mayakan kashe a fagen yaƙi ko kuma an kashe su ta hanyar da Jamus. A sa na sunayen yara hada a cikin "Littafi na karimci, na All-Union Sun Majagaba Organization mai suna bayan V. I. Lenina" da kuma daukaka zuwa ga daraja da "Pioneers-heroes".