Lena River tasa. Shugabanci na gangara, tsawon, aikin gandu, da iyakoki na kogin kwari

Lena River tasa aka located a cikin sararin yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar Siberia (Yakutia da Irkutsk Region). Wasu daga cikin aikin gandu suna located in Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Trans-Baikal Abuja da kuma Jamhuriyar Buryatia. Na dukan duniya ta kõguna Lena mafi tsawo mukamansu 10th da 8th ga zubar. Wannan jiki na ruwa an dauke mafi tsawo kogin a Rasha, wanda yake malala a karkashin wannan sunan.

Overview

Lena River tushen ne dake kusa da Lake Baikal, 145 km daga Kachug shiri a Irkutsk Oblast (gundumar Baikal Mountains). Bugu da ari, shi gudana ta hanyar Zhigalovsk, Kachugsk, Ust-Kut da Kirensk gundumar, wanda aka located a cikin wannan yankin.

A Yakutia, Lena gudana a cikin Lena, Khangalassky, Olekminsky, Namsky, a cikin birane gundumar Yakutsk, Zhigansky, Kobyayskiy da Bulunsky yankunan. Gudana a cikin Laptev Sea, 160 km daga kauye Chekurovka (Bulunsky gundumar). Shugabanci na Lena River - daga kudu zuwa arewa-maso-gabas, sa'an nan arewa daga Yakutsk.

Tarihi na samu

A farko bayanai game da babban gabas kogin bayyana a cikin farkon XVII karni. Da dama kungiyoyin na Cossacks aka aika zuwa gano wannan unexplored yankin. A 1628 wani balaguro tafi Vasily Bugor da jam'iyyarsa. Su haura Angara, sa'an nan ya dauki ga Ilim, akwai haye watershed da kogin Kut zo zuwa Lena. Bayan kamar wata shekaru a Arewa maso Gabas yankin na Siberia tafi jarumin Peter Beketov. Da sojojin farko gidaje gina a cikin Kuta yankin na kogin, ta haka ne ya fara kafa wani sabon birni - Ust-Kut.

A 1733-1743 shekaru na Lena River tasa soma nazarin membobin wata kimiyya balaguro na Kamchatka. A cikin karni na 19th, yankin ya ci gaba da bincika Chekanovsky, Anjou, Toll da sauran masana kimiyya. A cikin shekaru 1910-1915 a kan Lena sun cartographic aiki. A 1919-1920, bisa ga sakamakon balaguro da Evgenova Mathisen aka harhada wani kaya na ruwa daga bakinsa zuwa birnin Yakutsk. Sunan "Lena", Oddly isa, shi ne ba da alaka da Rasha mace da sunan, da kuma kamar daga Yakut "Yeh-lii-Ene", wanda fassara a matsayin "babban kogi."

Lena River aikin gandu

Babban aikin gandu:

- Young, Kuta, Viluy (mafi girma a hagu aikin gandu).

- Tea, Aldan, Vitim, Feeling, Kirenga, Olekma (babbar dama aikin gandu).

A babba gare su ne da kogin Aldan daga pool yanki na 729 000 sq. M.

Karami aikin gandu:

- Dama: Suhusha, Orlinga, Beach, Zharkov, Chichapta, Iga, Dyanshka, Tayura, Dzhardzhan, Kovtorov, Botovka, Anga, Tutura, Big River, kason, Shapkin Buotmama, Berezovka, Small Balakhnev, Yukte, Larch, Chechuy, Upper Sarafaniha, Tuolba, marshy ƙasa, Kovtorov, Kuzmin, Elovetsky, Sobolokh-Mayan, Parshinka, Zakobeninskaya kogin da sauransu.

- Hagu: da Indus, Yamny, Ilga, Lower, Atalanga, Markha, amaryar wata, Zaharovka, Dry, Upper Bochakta, Shulaga, Turuk, Manta, Naman, Semiga, Bobrovka, Kazimirka, Bots, Fedorovka, Ilikta, Talabak, Kuchta, Fedorovka, rabin, Potapovka, Kokarev, ubiennyh, Peleduy, Horuonka, Eekit, Tympylykan, Bear, Pilyuda, Rassokha, Yamny, Upper Katyma, Moksheniha, Meneevsky, Lower Katyma, Oleneksky, Chembalovka, Bear, Nemtanka, Ichera, Zaharovka, Stepaniha, Kulenga da kuma wasu.

hydrological gwamnatin

Lena kogin ne 4.400 km. Matsakaicin zurfin - 21 km. Matsakaicin nisa daga cikin armhole - 30 km. A waha yanki ne 2.490.000 km ². Ikon Lena kuma kusan duk da aikin gandu ne da za'ayi ta melted snow da kuma ruwan sama. Saboda da permafrost tafki talauci ciyar da ruwan karkashin kasa, duk da haka, tare da banda geothermal kafofin. A cikin bazara na kogin akwai wani ambaliyar ruwa, ambaliya da ya faru more a lokacin rani da kaka da kuma hunturu ne halin da low-low-ruwa lokaci.

Topography da ƙasa

A babba kai na tafki, kuma wani gagarumin rabo daga ta dama aikin gandu suna located in mountainous yankunan da Baikal yankin, Aldan Plateau da kuma Trans-Baikal. Hagu-banki ɓangare na pool ne a kan Jamhuriyar Siberian Plateau. The mafi ƙasƙanci sashe na kogin ne a tsakiyar da kuma runtse shi a lokacin da (Tsakiya Yakut Bayyana). Bayan garin Pokrovsk, wanda aka located in Yakutia, Lena kogin kwarara slows zuwa ja jiki.

River za a iya raba uku na asali yankunan: daga tushen, wanda aka located 12 km daga tafkin a wata tsawo na 1470 mita, har zuwa mahaɗar tsakãninsu a wani kogi Vitim (babba rabo), daga karshe ya mahaɗar tsakãninsu a Batamay (tsakiya) da kuma daga ce nufi da bakinka (kasa).

A babba ɓangare na kogin lissafinsu kusan na uku na tsawon. Da nisa daga kwarin jeri daga 1-3 km zuwa 10 km, a wasu wuraren da tashar Narrows zuwa mita 200. A gangara ne m, kuma m kandami. A tsawo daga cikin Lena River a yankin ya kai 300 mita.

A tsakiyar kai shi ya zama mafi m. Its size ne musamman ya karu bayan mahaɗar tsakãninsu da kogin Olekma. A nan, da tashar nisa ne 2 km. Kasa da bakinka Olekma Dolina Leny zama kunkuntar da farar ƙasa karfi dissected gangara wanda aka ware kankara.

Kasa bakin Aldan River Lena iyakoki mika hayin Tsakiya Yakut bayyana. A wannan yankin, ta kwarin haka ya dada tsere zuwa 20-25 km, kuma armhole nisa - 7-15 km. A gado na tafkunan ne sosai rarrabuwa. Valley quite asymmetrical: da Lena River gangara a kan hagu banki ne da yawa m fiye da dama. A yankin ya kai zurfin 16-20 mita. A cikin ƙananan kai na tafki pool ne kunkuntar: a yamma akwai upland Tsakiya Siberian Plateau, da kuma a gabas da nauyi madaukakan kakar na Verkhoyansk Range. Bugu da ari, a wani wuri inda kogin gudana tsakanin kunya da kuma Czekanowski Kharaulakh duwãtsu, tashar nisa da aka quntata wa 2 km.

A wani wuri inda kandami gudana a cikin Laptev Sea, kafa a sararin Delta da yawa rassan (wannan za a iya gani, a lõkacin neman a Lena River Basin a kan taswira), wanda ya wuce da most Nile Delta (30 000 km sq. M.). Akwai muhimmanci muhalli yankunan: Parks Falcon da Ust-Lena, kazalika da ajiye "Lena-baki." A wadannan wurare, akwai game da 109 jinsunan tsuntsaye, 32 jinsunan kifaye, 33 dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma 402 jinsunan shuke-shuke.

Features kogin

Lena ne muhimmanci daban-daban daga wasu koguna tare da wani iko da kankara tsarin mulki. A fairly karfi da kuma m ballast kankara da aka kafa a kan kandami a cikin matsananci, dogon winters da kuma kadan snow. Ba tare da shi, da kogi da yake riƙe kamar watanni 5-6 a kudu da kuma 4-5 watanni a arewa. Yana daskare-up da aka kafa domin game da kwanaki 10 daga baya fiye da a cikin aikin gandu na tafki. A babba kai na da Lena River freezes a karshen watan Oktoba, da kuma kasa - tun karshen watan Satumba. Gaba daya narke kandami a tsakiyar watan Mayu a cikin sama kuma kawai a farkon lokacin rani - a cikin ƙananan ya kai. Matsakaicin ruwan zafin jiki iya isa 19 C a cikin cirewa da kuma game da 14 C - a cikin kasa.

A marigayi Afrilu, da spring ambaliyar ne sau da yawa lura kusa da garin Kirensk (sama na Lena) da kuma sannu a hankali canja zuwa arewa, inda a can ya zo da wani ko da kankara-rufe kandami. A cikin ƙananan kai na cikin kogin sabon abu ne yawanci lura a tsakiyar watan Yuni. A nan, da tasowar ruwa zai iya isa har zuwa 18 mita. A shekara Laptev Lena sa game da 41 dubu. Ton solutes.

Domin tafki ne ma halin da lokaci-lokaci karuwa a shekara-shekara dake kwarara, wanda ba ya faru a sakamakon yawa laka a cikin ruwa, amma saboda akwai m narkewa permafrost da kuma kankara a kasa na Lena. Wannan sabon abu ne ya bayyana da cewa a cikin arewa na Yakutia zafin jiki ne mafi girma da jimawa ba fiye da yadda ya saba.

ƙauyuka

The most ƙauyuka a kan kogin suna dauke Kachug, Ust-Ilga, Vitim Verkholensk, Sangar, Yakutsk, Best, Maimaga, Feeling, Chekurovka, Omolo, Bakhanay, horintsy, Sinskaya da sauransu.

Major tashoshin jiragen ruwa: Lensk, Sangar, Pokrovsky, Tiksi, sturgeon, Kirensk, Olekminsk da Yakutsk.

Mafi babbar birni na yankin da aka dauke su Yakutsk. Yana da aka kafa a 1632 da wani detachment na Cossacks Peter Beketov a gefen dama na kandami. Daga baya aka mayar da su cikin hagu banki na Lena River. Yanzu ta} iyasta yawan 240.000 mazaunan. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girma a ƙauyuka na Arewa maso gabas Siberia.

A general, talauci lugar riverbank. Daga daya kauye zuwa wancan sau da nesa iya zama har zuwa daruruwan kilomita. Mafi yawa daga cikin ƙauyuka suna located kusa Yakutsk. Mutane da yawa kauyuka ne a wani derelict jihar.

ciyayi

Da yawa daga cikin ƙasa da aka rufe taiga da sararin Pine gandun daji. A wannan yankin suna girma da itatuwan al'ul, spruce, larch, fir kuma Pine. Duk da haka, a wasu yankunan akwai Coast Lena makiyaya inda akwai steppe ciyayi (msl mugwort, fescue).

Ichthyofauna

Lena River Basin ne mai arziki a cikin jinsunan kifi: whitefish, Pike, IDE, flax, catfish, tungun, whitefish, Dace, bano, kifi, Grayling, cisco, Ruff, perch, irin kifi, roach da bream.

dabbobi

Daga cikin dabbobi rayuwa a nan ermine, mink, kerkẽci, bear, caribou, marten. Soft, kuma Fluffy Jawo taimaka dabbõbi daure matsananci winters quite sauƙi. Birds yankin - tit tundra da kuma matsa dance, tundra swan da kuma ruwan hoda tsuntsun seagull - kuma da dumi m plumage.

ruwa ingancin

A cikin kogin akwai wani hazo da ba fiye 50-60 g / m³. Da har na mineralization da tafki - daga sabo zuwa gishiri. A general Lena halin da matsakaici da kuma low gwargwado. A talakawan lura a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa da kuma ambaliyar ruwa. Idan muka magana game da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, da ruwa za a iya dangana ga hydro-carbonate-alli.

shipping

Lena an dauke su da babban waterway na Yakutia da Irkutsk yankin. A kogi ne navigable daga bakinsa zuwa Kachuga. Daga kauyen Ust-Kut a kan Lena iya iyo kawai tasoshin da m daftarin. A kananan mãkirci na matakan zurfafa kasa da tafki a kowace shekara. Navigation zamani yana daga game da 125 to 170 kwanaki. Ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne a kan wannan jiki na ruwa sanya wani mahimmin juzu'in "arewacin bayarwa".

yawon shakatawa

Taso kan ruwa saukar da kogin cruise jirãge da kuma kananan jiragen ruwa. Lena - sanannen wuri domin kama kifi a tsakanin biyu yawon bude ido da kuma yan unguwa ba su daidaita.

Lena River tasa ne sananne ga abin da ake kira Shishkin kankara. An sosai da kyau kiyaye dutse zane-zane na zamanin d mutane. Su ne a cikin babba kai na tafki. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan ne kawai wuri inda haka mai haske kuma a fili buga ayyukan m mutum

Daidai da rare daga yawon bude ido Lena Pillars (Yakutia Khangalassky gundumar) - na musamman da ma'aunan kasa samuwar - da kuma yanayi ajiye, wanda aka located a dama gāɓar kogi. Daya daga cikin sashen kogin da ake kira "Iblis rariya", da kuma dutsen da ake kira "bugu sa." A cikin yankin na Lena Pillars burbushi na zamanin d mutane, ma, an samu. Wannan al'amari ya tabbatar da ka'idar game da asalin mutum extratropical. Ko da yake masana kimiyya da daban-daban kwanan wata da shekaru na Neolithic shafukan, an san cewa mambobin halittar Homo rayu a nan domin akalla 300,000 da suka wuce.

A Siberia, da gaske mai yawa mu'ujizai, amma bari a taiga - kawai mamaki ne. A dama kogin akwai wani karamin yanki (game da 1 km) na rairayi, wanda haifar da mafarki na wani m da zafi ƙasa. Hallaka wannan kai-yaudara kawai m Pine. Bayanin wannan sabon abu, akwai mutane da yawa, ko da yake ba daya daga cikinsu da ya ba tukuna aka hukumance soma.

Ma'adinai da makamashi

Lena halitta 12 kududdufai, biyu daga cikin most hydroelectric iko tashar ne a kan Vilyue da Mamakane. A kwari ne domin ta shahara ma'adanai. A nan ne Aldan, kuma Bodaibo zinariya-hali yankunan. Gold adibas a cikin kwari na Lena da aka samu a cikin farkon karni na 19th. Pretty da ewa ba bayan cewa daraja da m arziki na yankin share fadin Rasha. A yankin da ya fara a real hakar gwal a Alaska. Coast ya fara zauna da yawa magoya na sauki kudi. Daga cikin su akwai wakilai daga daban-daban segments na yawan: fatake, sana'a, ɗan gudun hijira laifi, sojoji. Da yawa daga cikinsu a cikin bin arziki sun mutu daga yunwa da cututtuka, amma zinariya masu neman har yanzu ya zama kawai ƙara.

A Viluy kogin ma sanya lu'u-lu'u ajiya, wanda aka gano a cikin shekara ta 1955. A baya can, an yi imani da cewa wadannan duwatsu suna kawai samu a wurare masu zafi kasashen. Yanzu da lu'u-lu'u babban birnin na Rasha da aka dauke su mafi girma a birnin na Mirny. Bugu da kari, akwai albarkatun kamar kwal, iskar gas, Mica, rock gishiri, tama da sauran.

Wannan matsananci da inhospitable da farko wurin gefen nasa kyau da kuma m. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, duk da bayyana inaccessibility, da ruwa, da kuma tekun na Lena dauke da wani yawa na dũkiya. Yana yiwuwa a cikin wadannan yankunan zai nuna masu yawa fiye da taskõkin, tun da kogin kwari ne har yanzu ba cikakken gane.