"Laifuka da azãba": tarihin halittar labari

"Laifuka da azãba", labarin halitta daga wanda dade domin kusan shekaru 7, shi ne daya daga cikin shahararrun Romanov Fedora Dostoevsky a Rasha da kuma kasashen waje. Wannan halittar classic Rasha adabi taba da basira psychologist da gwani a kan mutum rayuka. Me ya sa Dostoevsky ra'ayin rubuta aiki game da kisa da kuma azabar da lamiri, saboda wannan topic ne ba hali na adabi na wancan lokaci ba?

Fyodor Dostoyevsky - a master na m labari

A marubuci da aka haife a kan Nuwamba 11, 1821 a Moscow. Mahaifinsa - Mikhail - wani bafada, da kotu da shawara, da kuma mahaifiyarsa - Maria Feodorovna - zo daga wani m iyali.

A cikin rãyuwar Fedora Mihaylovicha Dostoevskogo da kome: great daraja da kuma talauci, da duhu kwana a cikin Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja da kuma shekaru masu yawa na naƙudarta, kamu da caca, kuma wani roko ga bangaskiyar Kirista. Ko a lokacin da marubuci ta rayuwa a cikin aikinsa amfani da irin wannan epithets a matsayin "m."

Dostoevsky mutu a shekaru 59 na emphysema. Ya bar baya da wata babbar wasiyya - litattafan, kasidu, tsarin sautinsu, haruffa, da dai sauransu A Rasha adabi Fyodor sanya a matsayin shugaba psychologist da gwani a kan mutum rayuka. Wasu wallafe-wallafen sukar (kamar Maxim Gorky), musamman na Soviet lokaci, Dostoevsky kira "mugunta baiwa", saboda sun yi imani da cewa marubuci a cikin rubuce-rubucen kare da "ba daidai ba" ra'ayin siyasa - ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma a wasu tsawon rayuwa har monarchist. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne debatable: da litattafan da Dostoevsky - ba ne siyasa, amma ko da yaushe warai m, su nufi - ya nuna wa mutum rai da rai kamar yadda yake. Kuma da samfurin na "Laifuka da azãba" - hujja da wannan.

A tarihin labari "Laifuka da azãba"

Fyodor Dostoevsky a 1850, aka aika zuwa kurkuku a Omsk. "Laifuka da azãba", da tarihi na halitta na abinda ka fara a can, da aka buga a farko 1866, kuma kafin cewa marubucin ya tafi, ta hanyar ba da mafi kyau kwana a rayuwata.

A 1854, marubucin ya free. Dostoevsky a 1859 a cikin wata wasika wa ɗan'uwansa, rubuta cewa a wasu ra'ayin da labari-ikirari je masa sa'ad da yake har yanzu a cikin 50 na kwance a gadon kwana na jirgin ƙasa m da kuma dandana mafi wuya lokacin a cikin rayuwarsa. Amma don fara wannan aikin, ya kasance a cikin wani sauri, saboda shi ya aikata ba ko da tabbatar da cewa zai tsira.

Kuma haka ne, a 1865, Dostoevskiy Fedor Mihaylovich, cike take da bukatar kudi, sa hannu a kwangila tare da wani m, a cikin abin da niyyar samar da Nuwamba 1866 wani sabon labari. Bayan karbar kudin, marubucin don inganta sha'aninsu, amma jaraba ga caca taka zamba a kan shi: ya rasa duk sauran kudi a Wiesbaden, da hotel masu ba ya fitar da shi, amma tsaya ciyar da ma ya juya kashe da haske a cikin dakin. Yana da yake a irin wannan yanayi Dostoevsky fara "Laifuka da azãba."

A tarihin da labari da aka jawo zuwa kusa da: lokacin da ya gudu daga - marubucin yi aiki a hotel, a cikin jirgi, a kan hanyar zuwa gida St. Petersburg. Ya kusan gama da labari, sa'an nan ... tafi a kuma kone rubutun.

Dostoevsky fara aiki a sake, da kuma yayin da farko biyu sassa na aikin da aka buga a jaridu da suka cinye duk St. Petersburg, ya kara da taki na samar da wasu uku, ciki har da epilogue.

Table of Contents I - II da labari

"Laifuka da azãba" - taken da labari ne a fili a bayyane riga a cikin ayyukansu na artist.

A protagonist - Rodion Raskolnikov - yanke shawarar a kan kisan kai da kuma fashi da makami-tsõhuwa usurer. A daya hannun, saurayin kuɓutar da ya mataki don haka da cewa shi da iyalinsa ne a cikin bukata. Rodion ji alhakin al'adar masõyansa, amma don taimaka akalla wani abu to ta 'yar'uwarsa, da mahaifiyata, da ya bukatar kudi mai yawa. A daya hannun, kisan kai ne fasikai, da masu zunubi yi.

Rodion yi cikinsa nasarar aikata laifi. Amma a cikin kashi na biyu na da labari, ya aka fuskanci wata matsala mafi tsanani fiye da talauci - shi zai fara zuwa azãba da lamiri. Ya samun juyayi, ga alama cewa duk abin da yake sane da ayyukansa. A sakamakon haka, Rodion fara m wuya. Bayan dawo, da matasa don tunani da kyau game da yadda za a mika wuya ga hukuma. Amma saba da Sonia Marmeladov da isowa a cikin garin da uwa da 'yar'uwa a lokacin ya tilasta masa ya yi watsi da ra'ayin.

Contents III - IV da labari

A heroes of "Laifuka da azãba" labari a cikin 3rd da 4th na tsayin bi su a raga.

A 'yar'uwarsa hannunka Rodion - Dunja - da'awar kai tsaye ango 3: Kotun Mashawarci Pyotr Luzhin, Svidrigailov mallaki gidaje da kuma aboki na Rodion - Razumikhin. Rodion Razumihin da kuma kulawa don soke shirya bikin aure Duniya da kuma Luzhin, amma karshen bar fushi da kuma tunanin game da yadda za a dauki fansa.

Rodion Raskolnikov aka ƙara daura Sonia Marmeladov - wato 'yar marigayi aboki. Suna magana da yarinya game da rayuwa, ciyar lokaci tare.

Amma a kan Rodion rataye a girgije - akwai shaidunku, waɗanda suke bãyar da shaida a ofishin 'yan sanda da cewa kwanan nan ya zo Raskolnikov sau da yawa kashe usurer. Wani saurayi da tukuna saki daga ofishin 'yan sanda, amma ya zauna cikin Firayim ake zargin.

V Content da labari. epilogue

A mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru da labari "Laifuka da azãba" da shugabannin fada a kan 5th ɓangare na samfurin da wani epilogue.

Tuntuɓe sabili Luzhin kokarin sanã'anta a Sonya Marmeladov, bayan ya yi ta ga wani barawo da haka fadi daga Raskolnikov. Duk da haka, ya shirya bai yi nasara ba, amma shi ba ya tashi, kuma Rodion gane Sonia kisan kai.

Laifi ga laifi na Raskolnikov daukan mai zuwa na baya, amma binciken ne tabbatar da cewa shi ne Rodion ya aikata laifi, don haka ziyartar wani saurayi da yayi sake shawo shi da mika wuya.

A wannan lokaci Svidrigailov yayi kokarin woo Duniya karfi, tsoratar da yarinya harbe shi da wani revolver. Lokacin da gun misfires, da kuma Duniya shawo mai ƙasa da cewa ba ya son shi, Svidrigailov saki yarinya. Donating 15,000 Sonia Marmeladov da Raskolnikov 3000 iyali, da mai masauki ya kashe kansa.

Rodion furuci da kisan kai da kuma da usurer samun 8 shekaru 'naƙudarta a Siberia. Sonia aika shi zuwa gudun hijira. A tsohon rayuwa ga tsohon dalibi ne a kan, amma godiya ga soyayya da wata yarinya, shi ji kamar wani sabon zamani ya fara a cikin rayuwarsa.

Hoton na Rodion Raskolnikov

A labari "Laifuka da azãba" Rodion Raskolnikov faye hali da kuma kimantawa da ayyukansa ne aka ba da marubucin ne shubuha.

The saurayi kyau, mai kaifin baki isa, za mu iya ce m. Amma da rayuwar halin da ake ciki a wanda ya sami kansa, ko kuma wajen da zamantakewa halin da ake ciki ba da damar da shi ba sosai gane su, talanti, amma ko da kammala karatu a jami'a, sami wani kyau aiki. 'Yar'uwarsa ne game da "sayar" da rashin kauna mutum (aure Luzhin ga ya yanayin). Raskolnikov uwa na zaune a cikin baƙin ciki, da kuma budurwa tilastasu yin karuwanci. Kuma Rodion bai gani wata hanya zuwa ga taimake su da kanka, amma don samun wani babban Jimlar kudi. Amma don gane ra'ayin nan take enrichment mai yiwuwa ne kawai ta wajen fashi da makami (a wannan yanayin, shi entailed kisan).

Bisa ga dabi'a, Raskolnikov da bãbu wani hakki a dauki rayuwar wani mutum, da kuma muhawara da cewa tsõhuwa, kuma haka da kadan lokaci zuwa rayuwa, ko da cewa yana da wani hakki a "zhidovat" a kan dutsen sauran mutane - wannan ba wani uzuri da ba wani dalili su kashe. Amma Raskolnikov, ko da yake, da kuma agonizes kan mataki, har sai kwanan nan ya dauki kansa barrantacce: ya bayyana ayyukansa da cewa ya yi tunani a lokaci kawai game da yadda za a taimaka wa iyali.

Sonia Marmeladov

A labari "Laifuka da azãba" bayanin Sony image kamar yadda sabanin yadda Raskolnikov: mai karatu zai nan da nan gane a su bai wa ma'abũcin zumunta ruhohi.

Sonia - kyau da kuma a ma'ana ta ƙaddamar, shi za a iya gani daga ta hali zuwa ga sauran mutane. Ta yaba "bishara," amma a lokaci guda shi ne karuwa. Mãsu taƙawa karuwa - da za su iya zama paradoxical?

Duk da haka, wannan kamun kifi ya kasance Sonia ba saboda shi yana da craving for sensuality - ne kawai hanyar da m m yarinya aikatãwa wani rai, ba kawai da kansu, amma kuma su dangi: ta uwar rana Katerina Ivanovna da uku rabin-yan'uwa maza da mata. A sakamakon haka, Sonia - kawai wanda ya tafi zuwa Siberia bayan Rodion don tallafa wa shi a wuya lokacin.

Irin wannan paradoxical hanya - tushen Dostoevsky ta hakikanci, saboda a cikin real duniya, abubuwa bazai kawai baki ko kawai fari, kazalika da mutane. Saboda haka, tsabtace ran wata yarinya a karkashin wani yanayi na rayuwa iya tsunduma a irin wannan datti sana'a da daraja ruhun saurayin - kuskure ya kashe.

Arkady Svidrigailov

Arkady Svidrigailov - wani hali a cikin labari (50-shekara mallaki gidaje), wanda a mutunta mutane da yawa kawai duplicates na Raskolnikov. Yana da wani hadari, amma liyafar, wanda aka zabe ta marubucin. Mene ne ta ainihi?

"Laifuka da azãba" yana cike da dual images, yana yiwuwa ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa suna da wani daidai tabbatacce kuma korau dabiu, na iya tafiya a kan wannan hanyõyi a rayuwa, amma sakamakon rayukansu ko da yaushe zabi da kanka.

Arkady Svidrigailov - gwauro. Ko a lokacin da wani live matar ya musguna yar'uwar Raskolnikov, wanda yake a cikin sabis da suke yi. Lokacin da matarsa - Marta P. - mutu, da mai masauki zo su tambaye hannun Avdotia Raskolnikov.

Svidrigailov yana kan su kafadu da yawa zunubanku: ana zargin kisan kai, da fyade da kuma mãsu yin zina. Amma wannan ba ya hana mutum ya zama kadai mutum wanda ya kula da iyalan marigayi Marmeladov ba kawai financially, amma ko da kara yaro a wani marayu bayan mahaifiyarsa ta mutuwa. Svidrigailov dabbanci hanyar kokarin lashe Duniya, amma a lokaci guda yana ciwo warai sun ƙi da yarinya, kuma ya kashe kansa, da barin 'yar'uwa Raskolnikov m adadin gādo. Tsada da kuma rashin tausayi na wannan mutumin ake hada a cikin m alamu, kamar yadda a Raskolnikov.

PP Luzhin a cikin labari tsarin image

Petr Petrovich Luzhin ( "Laifuka da azãba") - wani "biyu" Raskolnikov. Raskolnikov su aikata laifi ya misalta kansa Napoleon, kuma haka Luzhin - a Napoleon ya lokaci a cikin m siffan: unscrupulous, kula kawai game da kansu, kuma kunã nẽman wata sa'a a kowane farashi. Watakila wannan ne ya sa Raskolnikov ya son sa'a yan'uwanmu: bayan Rodion kuma ya yi tunani cewa saboda da kansa wadata, yana da hakkin ya kashe wani mutum, wanda rabo da jũna a gare shi da rashin muhimmanci.

Luzhin ( "Laifuka da azãba") - shi ne mai saukin ganewa, kamar yadda wani hali, caricatures da kuma hana sabani muhimmi a Dostoevsky ta heroes. Za mu iya ɗauka cewa marubucin Bitrus da gangan sanya cewa hanya, don haka ya zama bayyananne personification na bourgeois permissiveness, wanda ya taka irin wannan m wargi da kansa Raskolnikov.

Wallafa labari kasashen waje

"Laifuka da azãba", da labarin daga cikin halittar wanda ya dauki fiye da shekara shida, an yabo da kuma kasashen waje wallafe. A 1866, surori da dama da labari da aka fassara a cikin Faransa da aka buga a cikin «Courrier russe».

A Jamus, da aikin da aka buga a karkashin lakabi «Raskolnikov» da kuma a 1895 wallafa wurare dabam dabam da aka 2 sau fiye da wani sauran ayyukan Dostoevsky.

A farkon da XX karni. labari "Laifuka da azãba" an fassara zuwa cikin Yaren mutanen Poland, Czech, Italiyanci, Serbian, Catalan, Lithuanian harsuna, da dai sauransu

karbuwa daga cikin labari

A heroes of labari "Laifuka da azãba" ne don haka m da kuma ban sha'awa cewa wani allo version of labari fiye da sau daya da aka dauka biyu a Rasha da kuma kasashen waje. A farko film - "Laifuka da azãba" - ya bayyana a Rasha, a 1909, (directed by Vasily Goncharov.). Wannan ya biyo ta cikin fim karbuwa a 1911, 1913, 1915

A 1917 duniya ga wani hoto na American darektan Lawrence McGill, a cikin 1923 fim "Raskolnikov" fito da Jamusanci darektan Robert Wiene.

Bayan da aka yin fim don game da 14 adaptations a kasashe daban-daban. Works of Rasha ya zama latest serial film "Laifuka da azãba" a shekara ta 2007 (dir. Dmitry Svetozarov).

Romance a sanannun al'adu

A cikin fina-finai, Dostoevsky ta labari sau da yawa hango a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin heroes bautar ƙarshe: a cikin m / f "The Ƙwarara Kasadar Wallace kuma Gromit: Aski" ta sifili "," t / c "Wolf," "Matsananciyar uwayen gida", da dai sauransu

A cikin kwamfuta wasan «Sherlock Holmes: Laifukan & azãba» a daya daga cikin aukuwa daga cikin littafin da sunan Dostoevsky ta labari ne a fili a bayyane daga Sherlock Holmes a hannunsa, amma GTA IV «Laifuka da azãba" game - shi ne sunan daya daga cikin manufa.

Raskolnikov House St. Petersburg

Akwai jita-jitar cewa Dostoevskiy Fedor Mihaylovich ya tattara gwarzo a wani gidan wanzu a St. Petersburg. Da masu bincike sanya wadannan binciken, kamar yadda Dostoevsky ta labari ambaci: Raskolnikov gidan ne "S." Lane, kusa da "By th 'gada. A Carpenter Lane-5 gaske ne gidan da zai iya da kyau .ba abu ga wani labari. Don kwanan wata, wannan gini yana daya daga cikin mafi ziyarci yawon shakatawa spots a St. Petersburg.