Life ɗaurin kurkuku a Rasha, Amurka

A ban a kan kisa a Rasha an aiki for kan ashirin da shekaru. Tun da an dakatar da shi, ɗaurin rai ya zama mafi girman kisa ga laifin aikata laifi. Da farko, masana sun yi imanin cewa saboda wannan yanke shawara, ba za a sami isasshen 'yan fursunoni a gidajen kurkuku na Rasha ba. Duk da haka, tsoronsu bai cancanci ba. Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 2015, an yanke hukuncin daurin rai da rai game da mutane 1,300. An yi imanin cewa wa anda aka yanke hukunci waɗanda basu sulhunta da irin wannan azabar rayuwa ba fiye da uku zuwa bakwai ba. Akwai bayani game da 15 masu kisan kai tsakanin mambobi a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.

Kurkuku, inda suke aiki da jumlar rayuwa

A baya, an yi amfani da wannan hukunci a matsayin madadin hukuncin kisa - a matsayin gafara. Hakanan, an ɗaure ɗaurin kurkuku ta hanyar matsanancin yanayi - 15 ko 20 shekaru ɗaurin kurkuku. 'Yan kurkuku suna yin hukunci a cikin kurkuku masu zuwa: "Black Dolphin", "Polar Owl", "White Swan", "Vologda Pyatak", "Yankin Mordovian". Hakika, duk waɗannan sunaye sune na al'ada.

Yanayin da aka yi wa masu yanke hukunci

Da zarar a gidajen yarin, a cikin na farko shekaru goma na kurkuku ya kunsa da kawai biyu short tarurruka tare da dangi da kuma daya canja wuri. Wannan taro yana faruwa a gaban masu tsaro, kuma fursunoni ya ba da gilashi tare da danginsa - zasu iya sadarwa ta hanyar mai karɓar tarho. Idan bayan shekaru goma na farko har yanzu akwai dan dangi ko abokiyar fursuna, wanda yake shirye ya ziyarci shi, sannan kuma a kara wa'adin nan guda biyu, wanda tsawonsa kwana uku ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararren yana iya, ban da ɓangare ɗaya, karbi karin sau biyu a shekara. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, an ƙara kwanakin uku da gajeren uku zuwa wannan lambar, da kuma wasu kwangiloli hudu. Duk da haka, duk waɗannan tarawa sun faru ne kawai.

Me ya sa ba zan iya samun abin da doka ta alkawarta ba?

Akwai dalilai da yawa don wannan. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan shine yanayin da za a ajiye fursunoni don rayuwa. Waɗancan sunã a cikin wata tsananin gwamnatin mallaka. Domin samun duk ƙarin ziyara da kuma damar da za a samu daga wurin dangi, dole ne fursunoni ya kasa karya dokokin da gwamnatin ta kafa. Duk da haka, a aikace yana da wuya a yi haka, koda waɗannan lokuta lokacin da fursunoni ba su da lokaci don yin tsaftacewa a tantanin halitta suna daidaita da cin zarafi. Idan ɗaurin rai na ɗaurin kurkuku ba ya gaishe mai ba da horo, za'a iya azabtar da shi.

Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da shekaru goma na ɗaurin kurkuku ya kai ga ƙarshe, ma'aurata sukan sayi sababbin iyalansu, iyaye suna tsufa kuma sun mutu, kuma yara sukan manta game da fursunoni. Kusan cikin duk gidajen kurkuku, tsarin mulki na yau shine kusan wannan. A karfe 6 na safe, akwai hawan, a cikin 10 - mai da baya. Da safe, akwai caji da tsaftacewa, karin kumallo. Idan an dakatar da ma'aikata gyara - wannan babban nasara ne ga fursunoni. A wannan yanayin, yana da karin damar da za ta kauce wa tawali'u da tawali'u. A wasu yankuna, kallon shirye-shiryen talabijin da gwamnati ta amince da ita. A cikin kyamarori kusan a ko'ina ne duba bidiyo. Ana ɗaure masu fursuna a kusa da makaman da idanu idanunsu.

Density na yawan a cikin sel

Akwai wani gwaji, wanda ya kai ga rabon wani rai da aka ɗaure a kurkuku a Rasha. Wannan yana kasancewa a cikin shekaru masu yawa tare da mutanen nan. Dole ne a faɗi cewa a wasu gidajen kurkuku, a cikin tantanin daya, dangi sukan aiki lokaci: alal misali, uba da ɗa, ko 'yan'uwa. Alal misali, akwai ɗakunan nan guda bakwai a cikin "Black Dolphin" mazauna. Kuma ko da bayan wani lokaci, masu zama suna tambayar su su ajiye su don kauce wa rigingimu. Mutane da yawa suna da wuya fiye da juna har tsawon shekaru. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta da aka yanke wa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku yana yin hidima a lokacin takaddama. Zai yi wuya a faɗi abin da ya fi zafi - daga rana zuwa rana da shekara bayan shekara don ganin mutum ɗaya ko zauna shi kadai a duk lokacin.

Ƙungiyar Vologda Pyatak

Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen kurkuku da aka sani, inda fursunoni suke aiki, suna kurkuku tare da sunan mara izini "Vologda Pyatak". Domin tarihin wannan ma'aikata an kashe daruruwan masu bada gaskiya a nan. Yana da wani kurkuku a cikin ƙasa na sufi na St. Cyril Novoozerskogo a kan wutã Island a Vologda yankin.

A cewar labari, wannan masallaci ne ya kafa ta Monk Cyril Bely, wanda ya ga ginshiƙan dutse sama da tsibirin. A cikin tsarin gyaran gyare-gyare an gyara wannan haikalin bayan 1917, lokacin da ya fara dauke da abokan gaba na gwamnatin Soviet. A 1994 an tsare kurkuku na ɗaurin kurkuku a nan. Daga cikin mazaunin wannan yanki sune masu aikata laifuka masu tsanani: masu kisan gilla, 'yan ta'adda har ma da maynibals. Ma'aikata na ma'aikatan kula da mulkin mallaka ba su yarda da yiwuwar sake ilmantar da su ko gyara wadannan fursunoni ba.

Dokokin Kurkuku Mafi Girma

"Vologda Pyatak" a yau shi ne gidan kurkuku tare da dokokin da ya fi kyau. Duk wani mataki a nan yana faruwa ne kawai a izinin ma'aikatan gwamnati. An yanke masa hukumcin ɗaurin kurkuku a nan ba zai iya riƙe abubuwa masu yawa ba. Babu wasanni, babu shirye-shiryen TV, babu horo a "Vologda Pyatak". Fursunoni a nan, sai dai marasa lafiya, suna da rashin lafiya da tarin fuka - a cikin marasa lafiya na mazauna akwai yawancin marasa lafiya 20-30.

Ƙasar Polar Owl

Wani sanannun hukumomin gidajen kurkuku na tsawon lokaci shine mulkin Polar Owl. Wannan kurkuku, inda ake yin ɗaurin kurkuku a kurkuku a Rasha, yana cikin yankin Yamalo-Nenets. Anan akwai tabbacin daga 70s na karni na XX. Har ila yau, yana aika masu aikata laifuka - masu kisan kisa, masu bincike. An tsara kurkuku ga fursunoni 464. A nan mai aikata mummunar laifi - Alexander Pichushkin yayi wa hukuncinsa. An kuma san shi da "Beatz maniac," wanda ya kashe mutane 48 da ba shi da laifi, yayin da ya ƙuduri ya kawo adadin mutanensa zuwa 64.

Mazauna mazauna sun shaida cewa yawancin mace a wannan mazaunin yana da matukar tasiri. Wannan shi ne saboda matsalolin yanayin kurkuku da yanayin saurin yanayi. Hakika, hunturu a cikin wadannan sassa yana da watanni goma sha biyu.

"Black Dolphin" da "White Swan" - gidajen kurkuku na fursunoni da aka yanke masa hukumcin ɗaurin rai

"Black dolphin" wani tsarin gyara ne, wanda aka kiyaye dokoki mafi girma. Kuma akwai dalilai na wannan: wadanda aka yanke musu hukumcin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda ayyukan da suka fi mummunan aiki suna amfani da su a nan. An kama sunansa a kurkuku saboda siffar dabbar dolphin, wadda take a ƙofarsa. An gina shi ne a shekara ta 1774 ga waɗanda aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa don sauran kwanakin su. Daga bisani a cikin kurkuku wani sansani ne mai mahimmanci, da kuma wani yanki inda aka kiyaye mutanen da ke fama da tarin fuka. A wani lokaci, "Black Dolphin" wani kurkuku ne na NKVD. Yanzu yana da kurkuku na ɗaurin kurkuku na rai don masu kisan kai da 'yan ta'adda. Yin magani tare da su shine mafi tsananin. Lokacin da aka bude kamara, dole ne mai cajin ya tsaya a cikin wani sifa da ake kira "Swallow" - durƙusa ƙasa, yaɗa hannunsa zuwa ga tarnaƙi, yada yatsunsu, ya buɗe bakinsa. Wannan wajibi ne don ganin cewa fursunoni ba shi da abubuwa masu haɗari a boye ko a hannunsa.

An san gidan kurkuku na "White Swan" saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikinta sun shafe su da dama na "masu fashi". Wasu sun gaskata cewa sun sami sunan saboda bangon da aka fentin a cikin fararen. Wasu kuma sun tabbata cewa dalili shine duniyoyin swans wanda za'a iya samuwa a kan wannan yankin. Har ila yau, akwai wani zaɓi wanda ya ce: Kurkuku "White Swan" ya sami sunan saboda matsayi wanda fursunoni zasu iya motsawa a sansanin. Ya kamata su tanƙwara a wani kusurwa na digiri 90 kuma ninka hannayensu a baya baya. Musamman masu laifi masu haɗari suna kuma gudanar da wannan kurkuku.

Fasali na doka da ka'idojin ɗaurin kurkuku

Akwai fasali mai ban sha'awa a cikin dokokin Rasha. Mata, da mutane fiye da shekara 65, ba zasu sami rai na ɗaurin rai ba. Yau da ake ɗaurin ɗaurin kurkuku ga mata ita ce uzuri wanda ya saba da rikice-rikice masu yawa. Bayan haka, mutum ba zai iya watsi da ra'ayi ba cewa aikata laifuka mai tsanani ba za a iya kubutar da su ba ta hanyar jima'i ko dabi'un ilimin lissafi.

Life ɗaurin kurkuku a Amurka

A cikin ƙasashe daban-daban, akwai alamu daban-daban na ƙwaƙƙwararsa bisa ga ƙidayar gida. Alal misali, ɗaurin kurkuku a Amurka a koyaushe an taƙaita. Wannan yana nufin cewa mutum zai iya samun kyauta daya, biyu, da sau uku. Amma wannan tsari yana da tasiri mai amfani. Bayan haka, bayan shekaru 30 na ɗaurin kurkuku, zaka iya amfani da su don fara saki. Wadannan fursunoni, waɗanda suke da rai da yawa, ba zasu iya yin haka ba.