Kestler Artur: biography da ayyukansu

A cikin watan Satumba 1905, a cikin babban birnin kasar Hungary, Budapest, haife Kestler Artur, nan gaba marubuci, mai fi so na Soviet adawa, a tsira da Kasadar kuma lashe take.

iyali

The mahaifin na marubuci Henrik Koestler na zuriyar baƙi daga Rasha, mai nasara, kasuwa, amma da yawa kasa nasara bincike. Ya ƙirƙira da kuma yadu sayar da sabulu yana dauke curative, wanda ke cike da rediyoaktif abubuwa. Bayan da m azabtarwa da ya mutu a 1937 daga ciwon daji. Ɗansa, Kestler Artur, watakila, wannan sabulu ana amfani, amma quite a bit, domin ya rayu lokaci mai tsawo, duk da wahala da kuma yaki, amma ya mutu daga cutar sankarar bargo.

da marubuci mahaifiyar zo daga wani iyali na Austria bourgeoisie matalauta amma girman kai. Yana da wuya za ta stagnation a Budapest, wannan na sarki backwater. Kila a nema na ta iyali a 1918 ya koma Vienna, inda mijinta kasuwanci ki. Lokacin da Nazis zo da iko, da mijinta ya mutu, ta bar da tsananin wahalar cewa rashin lafiya-fated nahiyar da kuma koma Ingila. Yana da har zuwa ta kuma Kestler Artur "kamu" tare da soyayya ga wannan tsibirin al'umma.

matasa mawãƙi

Har yanzu karatu a Hungarian makaranta, yaron tabbatar da wani m da wayo, gano mai girma iyawa ga kimiyya. Da son ransa ya rubuta wakoki daga wani wuri shekaru. Tun da makaranta ya Hungarian, tare da asarar mahaifarsa hagu da kuma Muse.

jindadin cikin iyali a 1922 a fili ba shine, amma goma sha bakwai Kestler Artur ya iya shiga cikin Vienna fasaha makaranta, wanda ya ba da mafi girma ilimi, kamar yadda ya jami'o'i matsayi. A karatunsa, ya hada biyu bipolar batutuwa: lissafi da kuma tunani. Kuma, ba shakka, sai ya tafi a kan rubuta, ko da yake ba a rhyme. Shekaru hudu daga baya, saurayin ya zama sananne a dukan Turai a matsayin 'yar jarida.

tafiye-tafiye

Tun 1926, da shekara Arthur Koestler, wanda biography aka tura wuya a iya kwatanta su da labarin kasa da yawon shakatawa m matafiya a matsayin wallafa Ulshtayna wakilin jaridar ya ziyarci yawa Gabas ta Tsakiya kasashe, ya yi aiki a Jamus, Austria, Spain da kuma Faransa. Duk da labarinsa ba kawai ban sha'awa ga karatu jama'a - suka jiran, nemi, suka rarraba.

Very da sauri matasa daraja Koestler samu wani sabon "quality" - ya zama shahararren. Ya gaji a makala, rahotanni, kuma har ma da karami wasikun kai ga mai karatu da ya fi muhimmanci da kuma mafi ban sha'awa. shi ne maganar, ba shakka, asali mallakar wani virtuoso. Don da Arewa iyakacin duniya a shekarar 1931 ya aka kira su zuwa tashi guda jarida. Yana da aka Arthur Koestler, wanda littattafai sa'an nan retell mai yawa samu, ya tashi a kan shahara Jamus airship da ake kira "Graf Zeppelin".

gwajin

Tattara abu don aikinsa a Spain, sha fama da yakin basasa, Koestler aka kama a Malaga Franco da kuma yanke masa hukumcin kisa saboda leken asirin. Biyar tsawon watanni ya jira a kowace rana, a zaune a Kadaitaccen kurkuku, a lokacin da suka zo da shi, kuma zai kai ga mutuwa. Kusan rabin shekara jiran kowa ba zai iya tsaya. Jira mutuwarsa, sauraron zambiyõyin a cikin hallway - kuma nan sake ta?

A halin yanzu, kasa da kasa sun nuna rashin amincewa, kasashen waje jami'an diplomasiyan yi duk abin da za su iya zuwa sakin sanannen dan jarida. Very m mutumin ya juya a kira su da Kestler Artur. Photos of wadanda shekaru fayyace a fili wannan. A karshen, marubucin matar da aka yi musayar ga Franco soja matukin jirgi.

aqidar

A yawa na fasaha mutane daga kasashe daban-daban a cikin thirties na karshe karni yi fatan nasara ga Soviet gwaji, domin shi ne wani tasiri madadin zuwa babban rabo Maris na farkisanci a Turai. Arthur Koestler shiga rukunin jam'iyyar kwaminis a shekarar 1931, a tsakiyar shekaru goma da ya kusan shekara tafiya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma da yawa daga cikin baƙi a Central Asia kafin. Fari mai littattafai, kazalika da siyasa litattafan vividly gani wannan lokaci na rayuwarsa.

A cikin marigayi thirties na karshe karni Koestler razochatovalsya a kwaminisanci tsarin da kuma bar jam'iyyar da zaran ya koya game da gwaji na Bukharin, wanda ya aka labartawa ne, kuma kunshi a sõyayya. The labari, wanda ya yi nasiha ga wadannan abubuwan Arthur Koestler - "Dark a noon" asali sa wani sunan daban. Marubuci ya gane tsarkakewa 1937-1938-ies matsayin counter-neman sauyi degeneration na Soviet kasar. A 1940 ya wallafa sabon labari da Arthur Koestler. "Dark a noon" a London, da aka buga tare da suna "Dark a noon" - in English translation daga Jamus, kuma asalin da aka kwace a lokacin da search kuma irretrievably rasa. A yamma, mun hadu da anti-Soviet labari, sosai m, ko da wani yawa marubuta kamar Orwell.

Kasadar

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Koestler bauta a cikin harkokin wajen Faransa Tuli, sa'an nan aka kwashe tare da shi zuwa Afirka, inda nasarar sauya sheka. Via Lisbon tashi zuwa Ingila, inda ya sake yi wata ɗaya da rabi a kurkuku. Ba don yi ƙaura kuma ga doka shigarwa zuwa Birtaniya. Yana da warware shi kawai amince da yin hadin gwiwa. Saboda haka a sake, Koestler zama mai sa kai. Ciki har da Minesweeper, amma a gaskiya ya yi aiki a kan rediyo farfagandar, rubuta leaflets ga sojoji na Wehrmacht, lectured game da totalitarianism. Kuma shi ya zama a kan wajibi a lokacin da bam din ya. Domin ya san yadda za a fitar da wani mota, ya aka ɗõra wa motar asibiti.

A shekarar 1942, kasancewa a zubar da na ma'aikatar Information, ya rubuta rubutun da kuma wasu 'yan takardu, kuma ya yi a kan rediyo BBC. Lokacin da yaki ya ƙare, Koestler opted ga wani primary wurin zama a Faransa, inda ya sadaukar da kusan dukan fasaha publicist gwagwarmaya da kwaminisanci tsarin mulki. Ya cizon yatsa ya da karfi da cewa shi m, kuma bai wuce taba. Shirya zanga-kwaminisanci congresses, kudi a cikin goyon bayan ilimi yanci, m da Berliners a garesu daga cikin bango. Ba ba tare da ayyuka masu kyau: a kula da asusun ya kasaftawa kudi domin lura da Ivan Bunin.

marubucin

Tun da 1954, da shekara da marubuci ya rayu a London, inda ya dauki Burtaniya dan kasa. Tare da laccoci a jami'o'i da kuma kimiyya aiki a Steenforde wani sabon littafi, a dystopia. Artur Kestler "The Age na sha'awa" kuma rubuta musamman: masu karatu sun ake bukata don sallama da cikakken tsoro na zuwa ga ikon jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Faransa. A wannan topic buga wasan karshe littafin a cikin shekaru goma - articles da gajejjeran labaru, "The hanyar da dinosaur." A hamsin na karshe karni Koestler riga tunanin game da ilimi da 'yanci karkashin inuwar da naman kaza girgije. Duk da haka, masu sauraro ya so su tsoratar da kwaminisanci da nukiliya bam a shirye, kamar yadda idan manta, wanda makamai da aka halakar da Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki.

Amma akwai wani "sanyi yaki", amma saboda Koestler littattafai suna sosai sosai mai daraja. A 1967 ya aka zabi ga Nobel Prize, kuma a shekarar 1968, ya lashe Zonninga. A cikin seventies na karshe karni zo dvadtsatitomnik marubuci ta tattara ayyukan. Birtaniya, ma, ya yaba da ayyukan da Koestler - da Order of British Empire aka bayar ga marubuci a shekara ta 1972, kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya zama Knight na adabi - wani tsoho lakabi na girmamawa na Royal Society of Wallafe-wallafe.

'yan shekarun nan

Marubucin ya ko da yaushe bayar da shawarwari game da legalization na son rai mutuwa (euthanasia), ko da ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasar da al'umma, wanda ya yi yaƙi domin da hakkin ya mutu tare da mutunci. Kuma a cikin farkon shekarun 1980s, ya ya iya tabbatar da misali da juriya imani. Tun shekaru sanya kanta ji da Parkinson ya cutar da kuma samun saurin bunkasuwar cutar sankarar bargo (Daddy sabulu!), The nan gaba predicts mafi m na nau'i nau'i. The uku a watan Maris 1983 da marubuci Arthur Koestler da matarsa Cynthia sun dauka kwayoyin maganin barci, wucewa jituwa tare da rayuwa.

All hãlãyensu aka gãdar da nazarin paranormal mamaki, saboda abin da aka shirya da Jami'ar Edinburgh bincike tawagar parapsychology Koestler Parapsychology Unit. A Rasha marubuci sunan Koestler zama da aka sani kawai ta wurin miƙa mulki, ko da yake a 1937, "Sun Guard" wallafa "unprecedented azabtar" - wani littafin game da Franco da farkisanci kisan-kiyashi a farkon tawaye. Bugu da kari, wannan batu ne sadaukar da shi da kuma sauran anti-farkisanci littafin da aka buga a London - "Spanish Alkawari," game da abin da masu karatu sanar da mujallar "harkokin wajen wallafe-wallafen" (a wannan lokacin, "International Wallafe-wallafe"). Tun da a saki wani littafin game da zalunci da kowa a Rasha ba tunãtar Koestler.

almarar

A shekarar 1951 na ga saki wani almarar kimiyya labari - tsohon batutuwa, alas. Artur Kestler "The Age na sha'awa" kuma ya rubuta game da Soviet barazana ga zaman lafiya: mataki na kusa da nan gaba, Faransa ne game da mamaye da sojojin Rasha an shirya zuwa buga lissafa abubuwan da babban gwarzo da labari, amma duniya da aka ƙoƙarin ajiye wani American, wanda shi ne marubucin nufin fadi cikin soyayya tare da wannan dodo ofishin jakadancin.

A yawa litattafan, short labaru, kuma ko da taka Koestler rubuta a cikin wannan salo. Da yawa kasa a san shi da makala a wani falsafa hanya. "Somnabuly", "dokar of Creation", "The hali na ungozoma toads" - duk wadannan aikin ko ta wani hanya da alaka da ganewarsu na marubuci da anti-kwaminisanci views. Artur Kestler "fatalwa a cikin na'ura" (ko "Tsarki a cikin Machine") ma ya mayar da martani ga Genre na muqala. Ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi shahararren magoya bayan ra'ayin Ashkenazi Yahudawa, wanda ake zargin ya zo ba daga Palestine, amma daga Turkic Khazars daga Volga yankin Neja Delta. Har ila yau, yana sha'awar aiwatar da kimiyya tunani. Wadannan quite ban sha'awa tunani, tare da sauran da kuma cika kusan duk yawa muqala marubuci.

"Tiyata na snobbery"

Arthur Koestler ne mai tsanani bincike fara bayan wani dogon lokacin da kallo na gargajiya, zalla English kasawan. Marubucin ya rubuta game da duk abin da ya ga kuma daidaita, tare da dara, ko da yake da shi ba tausasa, amma a kan m - haske nuna bayyanar cututtuka na rashin lafiya da wayewa a general, da kuma Turanci al'umma musamman, hijirar na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa dabi'u, falsafa wõfintattu. "Tiyata na snobbery", duk da ƙasida, ya juya sosai tsanani, sosai wallafe-wallafen yi aiki.

A Khazars

"Goma sha uku kabilar" Arthur Koestler rubuta sake game da Khazars, daga ra'ayinsa - na Yahudawa. Duk da cewa littafin ne quite voluminous, kuma m topic ba cikakken rufe. Kashi na farko ya bayyana jihar na Khazars kamar yadda irin wannan, da kuma na biyu da aka mamaye da shaida wannan alkawari. Bugu da kari, bisa ga mawallafin, duk kasashen Turai sun dauka kawai Yahudawa na Khazar asalin. Na karanta wannan littafin sosai sauki, duk da yawa na tarihi nassoshi da kuma m ilmi daga cikin masu karatu a kowane matakin game da Khazars kansu.

Pretty m don samun sabon ilimi, fadada da iyakoki da bayanai cewa an samu a baya (Khazar Khanate da kuma yakin Ili Muromtsa - a nan, watakila, da dukan abin da kafin karanta wannan littafin ya a kan batun da aka sani). Duk da haka, ina so in ga wani mafi muhimman hakkokin tsarin kula da ɗaukar hoto na haraji tsarin, da sojoji, da management tsarin da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Amma yana da latti don kawo marubucin siffantawa. Popular kimiyya wallafe-wallafe, a Genre wanda sun hada da samfurin, shi ne ya jimre.

ba ruwanta da tarihin

A cikin wani hali, amsar Koestler anti-Semitism ne ba kawai a bayyane, ya kuma originelen. Tare da fall na Khazars Khanate 'yan gudun hijira streamed fadin Turai kamar yadda yake a yau, rani, daga Gabas ta Tsakiya. Babban core na Khazars professed Yahudanci da shi ne sakamako da dama taguwar ruwa na irin hijirarsa. Ƙabilun shi ke ba Yahudawa da Larabawa, saboda haka, anti-Semitism ne ƙarancin cancantar matsayin Trend, ya ce Koestler.

A cikin shafukan da "sha uku kabilar" guje ayoyin da yawa magabata, karatu ko kawai game da wannan tambaya: ne Byzantine kafofin, real Arab matafiya, "Tale of bygone Years", ayyukan Toynbee, Artamonov, Vernadsky, kuma da dama, wasu daidai sanannun masana tarihi. Duk da haka, quite daban da kuma gani da samuwar, da kuma faduwar jihar na Khazars Arthur Koestler.

"Gladiators"

Koestler ma unusually donos ga mai karatu da hangen nesa da irin wannan sanannun abubuwan tarihin da matsayin tawaye na Spartacus. Ba dole ne a ce cewa kusan shekaru biyar, marubucin ya yi karatu da kuma bincikar da kayan, amma har yanzu shi ne ba a bayyana yadda wani gungu na dama dozin circus aikatawa iya haka da sauri gwada raka a dukan rundunar sojojin da kuma zauna rabin na Italiya. Marubucin ganin dalilin da shan kashi na juyin juya halin spineless Spartacus, wanda ya kamata ya kasance mai tanƙwasawa, idan ya so ya lashe.