Kara - menene wannan? Da kara na shuka: tsarin, aiki

Tserewa - da m ɓangare na wani shuka. Ya kunshi wani axial rabo - tushe, da kuma gefen - na takardar. Wannan tsari mai tushe aikin ayyuka na jiki a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma jigilarsu abubuwa. Mene ne fasali na tsarin ba da damar wannan jiki don tabbatar da viability da shuka?

Mene ne tushe?

Kara - wani runaway axis, ta tsakiya da kuma babban ɓangare. A kan aiwatar da juyin halitta, ya fito a matsayin mai factor na karbuwa daga shuke-shuke zuwa terrestrial habitats. Godiya ga zuwan inji nama shuka kwayoyin sun iya da za a sanya a cikin sarari tsaye. A ci gaba da tsarin na conductive kyallen takarda ya kai ga aiwatar da ci gaba da samu daga ruwa daga ƙasa, kuma kwayoyin halitta daga photosynthesizing gabobin.

tushe aiki

Amma na kara - shi ne ba kawai jiki, wanda shine axial kwarangwal na shuke-shuke da kuma samar da hawa da sauka halin yanzu na da muhimmanci na gina jiki. Ga misali, da hakan spore shuke-shuke, horsetails, shi ne chlorophyll. A cacti muhimmanci ƙara a size da adanar ruwa. A tsari na photosynthesis kuma yi aikin wannan sashin jiki kamar yadda ganyen shuke-shuke canza kama zuwa needles rasa kasa danshi.

A kowane kara shirya ba kawai ganye amma kuma buds. Waɗannan su ne nan gaba hukumomi, wanda yanzu suke tasowa. Su vegetative da generative. A farko bada Yunƙurin zuwa shuka vegetative gabobin - da ganye da kuma harbe. A karshen dauki wani generative Gabar primordia, wanda ya samar da jima'i haifuwa, - flower.

External kara tsarin

A kara da ido tsirara yana da sauki ganin sa da ganye ko scars suka bari a baya. Su kira nodes. A nisa tsakanin su - internodes. Kara da lamina samar da wani kwana - ganye axils. Yana shirya axillary (a kaikaice) kodan. Saboda su mafaka rassan. Girma a tsawo samar da m buds da shuka.

A yanayi, m gyara daga tushe. Sun dauke da wannan tsarin abubuwa, amma gani duba daban-daban. Alal misali, rhizome na ruhun nana yana da wani fairly elongated internodes kuma shi ne a karkashin kasa, ya fi tsayi rike da shuka mai yiwuwa.

ciki tsarin

kara ayyuka suna lalacewa ta hanyar siffofin na ciki tsarin. Waje da cell jiki cover masana'anta murfin. Sun iya rayuwa (kwasfa) ko matattu (toshe kwalaba). Su kare abinda ke ciki na kara daga inji lalacewa.

Kwasfa wanzu a cikin matasa shuke-shuke, wanda shekaru bai wuce shekara guda. Ya ƙunshi wani musamman tsarin - da stomata, da wanda gas musayar faruwa.

Daga baya, da mai rai nama yana maye gurbinsu da Multi-Layer tube, da kuma stomata - kananan bumps a kan lenticels. Tare da ci gaban da shuka da kuma qara da kauri. Yana bayar da wani karin tasiri m aiki, tun da matattu Kwayoyin suna da komai, kawai iska ne ba a cikin su. A tam manne ga juna, suka haifar da wani gagarumin shamaki ga m muhalli dalilai m microorganisms ƙura. wuce kima transpiration.

A na gaba Layer ne bawo. Ya kunshi sieve Kwayoyin da cell sahabbai da cewa samar da motsi da kuma ajiya na kayan. A wannan Layer ne Bast zaruruwa - inji nama abubuwa, yin kara sturdy. Shi ne da godiya a gare su a lokaci daga cikin karfi mahaukaciyar guguwa bishiya kasance abinsa lafiya.

Next ne a gefen ilimi nama kara - cambium, ta hanyar abin da na kara girma a cikin kauri, wani lokacin kai babba size. Musamman kunna aikinsu a cikin bazara da kuma bazara.

The most ɓangare na kara daukan itace. Conductive abubuwa na sassa hawa abubuwa, inji - samar da ƙarfi, yayin da babban - stockpile dole abubuwa. Wannan Layer ne mai fadi da, lokacin farin ciki da mafi muhimmanci da na mutum amfani a cikin kasuwanci ayyukan.

A cibiyar ne core, manyan da sako-sako da Kwayoyin wadda yi da aiki na kara haja har.

bambancin

Form shoot axis da kuma matsayinsu a sarari iya zama sosai bambancin. Mai shuke-shuke da kafa tushe. Isa ga rãnã da suka ba da damar da kyau-raya inji nama da kuma tushen tsarin, wanda da tabbaci riko da shuka a cikin ƙasa. Wadannan tushe za a iya lignificated ko grassy.

Mai rarrafe da kuma gudan jini mai tushe da damar su masu zuwa da sauri ci gaba sabon yankuna, wuce sauran shuke-shuke. Suna da musamman adaptations for vegetative yaduwa, misali, strawberry gashin baki. Amma aiwi da musamman pritsepok iya girma ko da a kan tsaye da kuma m surface. Hopbine encircles duk wani goyan baya, Mastering mai kyau yankin domin photosynthesis.

A siffar da kara jinsunan Flora iya bambanta. Saboda haka, ta taso keya hatsi, yayin da sedge - triangular. Wakilai daga cikin iyali laima da kabewa da m kara.

Mene ne ganga?

Akwai da dama rai siffofin shuke-shuke: ciyawa, Bishiyoyi. A karshen halin gaban da-raya kara. M cell division ilimi gefen masana'anta - cambium - gubar zuwa thickening na shoot da kuma samuwar axis na ganga.

cambium Kwayoyin raba shekara, kafa wani Layer na wani kauri - shekara-shekara zobba. Adadin su iya sanin ko za a shekaru da shuka.

Top-fi

A cikin kasa da hotuna - mai tushe daga cikin mafi girma itace a duniya - da redwoods. Cikin akwati na wannan wakilin shuka duniya zai iya isa wani tsawo na kan 80 mita.

Sequoia Janar Sherman ne ma dogon-rayu. Mai yiwuwa ta shekaru - game 2500 shekaru.

Mafi yawa daga duk ruwa Stores akwati BAOBAB. Wannan itace ne ma babbar a duniya domin akwati karkara. Amma orchid kara yana da tsawon 0.5 mm, kasancewa mafi karami.

gyare-gyare

Dangane da abin da ayyuka suna yi da kara, shi zai iya saya sabon fasali na tsari, kafa wani gyara na kara. Wadannan sun hada da dankalin turawa, tuber. Ya ƙunshi wani thickened kara da vegetative buds, wanda ake kira da idanu. Af, da tubers ne ba kawai boye, kamar waccan mujalla da muka dankalin turawa, da Urushalima artichoke - Urushalima artichoke. Kabeji kohlrabi siffofin tuber sama arziki a cikin muhimmanci da ma'adanai.

kara gyare-gyare da alkama ciyawa, kabido guzberi da Lily na kwari. Su kira rhizomes. A tsawon interstices ne rudiments na ganye da kuma buds daga wanda ci gaba adventitious tushen da kuma harbe na kore ganye.

Kara - shi ne ma mai tafarnuwa kwararan fitila, furannin bi-rana da kuma tulips. Su ne lebur, kuma undeveloped kara kira Donets. A tushen tsarin shuke-shuke ne fibrous, wakilta wani katako na adventitious asalinsu. Koda located a collum ci gaba ganye. Suna iya zama na dama iri. Saboda haka, da albasarta m da fleshy ganye kare bushe da membranous. Kuma a karkashin sharadi gwargwado na koda girma matasa kore harbe.

Gyare-gyare da kuma bauta ga vegetative yaduwa daga shuke-shuke. Wani misali na wannan ne strawberry gashin baki. Tendrils na kokwamba taimaka da shuka rungumi da goyon baya, da barin dauki mafi m matsayi a sarari dangane da rana.

Yana nufin na kariya ne ƙaya ƙaya, daji pear, barberry da wani hawthorn. Wadannan itatuwa ne sananne ga m 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da haske launuka, wanda haka son zuwa idi a dabbobin da yawa. Sharp spines ba da damar su yi haka, da 'ya'yan itatuwa ne zuwa nunarsa a kan rassan.

Kara - shi ne jikin da suke da muhimmanci ga shuka rayuwa. Wani mutum yana amfani da shi a cikin tattalin arziki aiki, itace ƙera iyali abubuwa. Mutane da yawa gyare-gyare kubuta ci abinci, ya yi amfani for vegetative yaduwa, samar da mafi viability na da yawa shuke-shuke.