Kananan kwayoyin - shi ne cewa a cikin nau'i na rayuwa?

A yanayi akwai kwayoyin wanda girma ne don haka kananan cewa ganin da ido tsirara shi ne kawai zai yiwu ba. Suna lura da masana kimiyya ne kawai ta hanyar microscopes karfi karuwa (da bi, suka buɗe kawai tare da sabuwar dabara na wadannan na'urorin).

Su wanene su?

Kananan kwayoyin - a gama sunan. A mafi hankula microbe size - kasa da 0.1 mm. Saboda haka sunan shi. Micro-kwayoyin - dai kawai mafi yawa. Bisa ga masana kimiyyar halitta, a cikin wannan Gungu ne coreless kuma (archaea da kwayoyin) da kuma eukaryotes, kazalika da wasu fungi, algae. Amma ba da ƙwayoyin cuta, wadda masana kimiyya yawanci rarrabe a raba rukuni.

zane

Kusan kowace kananan kwayoyin - ne guda-celled tsarin, hikima ya ƙirƙira da kuma dimbin yawa da yanayi. Matsayin mai mulkin, da microbes an hada da guda cell. Amma akwai ware: daga cikinsu akwai kwayar, wanda wakiltar wani sa na Kwayoyin, kamar sarkar. Af, akwai a cikin duniya da Macro-kwayoyin da ke bayyane ya tsirara ido, amma kunshi guda cell.

mazauninsu

Kwayoyin cutar - kwayoyin ne sosai unpretentious. Za su iya tsira a cikin yanayi m ga wanzuwar sauran halittu masu rai. Kwayoyin cutar suna rayuwa a ƙasar da kuma a teku, da kuma a cikin iska, kuma a jikin wasu kwayoyin. Domin kwayoyin muhimmanci ga mazauninsu kamar yadda zai yiwu su hadu da bukatun: substrate ƙunshi gina jiki, danshi ya isa ya zama, ba a hasken rana kai tsaye (as wadannan microscopic dabba akwai tsoro na daukan hotuna zuwa ultraviolet radiation cewa an yi amfani da magani domin disinfection).

A cikin ƙasa

Hakika, mafi girma adadin kwayoyin a cikin ƙasa. A cikin halitta humus kusan manufa yanayi na rayuwar unicellular. A nan a yalwace abinci, matsakaici zafi, kuma babu wani hasken rana kai tsaye. Idan yanayi ne m, kasar gona iya shirya da kuma yaxa ba daya jinsunan kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne yafi saprophytes da saprophagous - da kwayoyin da hannu a cikin wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa a yanayi, saki matattu ragowar sauran kwayoyin da cewa samar da abinci shuke-shuke. A abun da ke ciki na microflora ne quite bambancin da aka wakilta yawa jinsunan microbes. Wannan archaea da spirochetes, da kuma blue-kore algae. Ga rayuwa da kuma fungi, da ƙwayoyin cuta. An sani cewa a sandstones m adadin aerobic da baƙin yumɓu - anaerobic. Yawan kwayoyin a cikin ƙasa, watse duk records. Daya gram na humus (bisa ga Hanyar batawa kwayoyin cuta, ƙirƙira Vinogradskii) zai iya gane daruruwan miliyoyin mutane, ganuwa zuwa ido tsirara. Domin "count" na jiki, suna fentin da musamman fili, sa'an nan su ne a fili a bayyane a karkashin wani hange. A arziki chernozem Wadannan mutane na iya kai biliyan biyu da gram na gona. A gaskiya ma, cikin kwayoyin kansu haifar da shi, ba don wani lokaci fasa yin nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai da canji na abubuwa.

The ruwa da kuma iska

Kananan kwayoyin - shi ne ya halicci low-tabbatarwa. Kamar yadda muka riga sani, da kwayoyin iya rayuwa a cikin wani yanayi, wanda ze su fiye ko žasa m. Wannan kuma ya shafi ruwa sarari (musamman a lokacin da akwai aiki motsi na ruwa). Ga microbes bayyana daya daga cikin manyan sigogi - gaban danshi, ba tare da wanda ba za su iya yiwu yi. Kuma da abinci a cikin tabkuna da koguna, tekuna da tekuna don yawa kwayoyin yawaita. Saboda haka, a lokacin da isasshen ƙarfi, 'yan grams na ruwa iya zama miliyoyin kwayoyin. Daga cikin su - da kuma sosai kawo hadari ga mutane.

• Salmonella murna hanji kamuwa da cuta. Tare da shan kashi na wani mutum zai fuskanci zafi a cikin gastrointestinal fili, da zazzaɓi, da kuma amai. A matsayin fama m microorganisms rayayye tambaya effects na hasken ultraviolet da kuma dogon tafasa.
• Shigella - da causative wakili na dysentery. Lokacin da rauni an rage jiki juriya matakin da dama rigakafi. Babban bayyanar cututtuka: amai, tashin zuciya, zawo. Kuma amfani da disinfecting zafi magani ta yin amfani da shafe tsawon tafasar, tacewa.
• Vibrio kwalara. Ko da yake an yi imani da cewa a zamanin yau da cuta a cikin general, ya ci bacteria ne har yanzu samu a yanayi (a cikin ruwa, misali, da yanayi), da kuma shi ne mai barazana ga rayukan. Rigakafin - tafasar, tace, riskar hasken ultraviolet.

Har ila yau, da yawa daga cikin kwayoyin ba a cikin iska, amma yanayi da suka suna amfani da farko don tafiya a sarari, ya magance sabon yankuna. Tare da karami barbashi turɓãya da danshi daga kwayoyin kamar yadda soars a cikin iska, wani lokacin shawo kan babban nisa fada tare da hazo a cikin ƙasa, kuma akwai riga ta samar da mazauna.

Blue-kore algae

Daga cikin bambancin da micro-kwayoyin da suke zaune a cikin ruwa, za a iya gano musamman blue-kore algae. Af, da algae aka kira kuskure, suka ba da labari ga jikin kwayoyin cutar da cyanobacteria ake kira a yanzu. Wannan micro-kwayoyin - shi ne mai kai tsaye daga zuriyar stromatolites, da kwayoyin cuta ne da suka rayu a duniya fiye da uku biliyan shekaru. Cyanobacteria - kawai na kwayoyin iya photosynthesis, wanda shi ne sakamakon da samuwar oxygen. Sun hada da pigments chlorophyll kuma phycocyanin, bada wani blue-koren launi. Wadannan kwayoyin suna yadu rarraba a yanayi. Da mazauninsu - ruwa daruna, jihar bakin teku sashi, raw kankara, haushi, gona. Sun hada da yawa jinsunan. Amma babban alama da kuma darajar cyanobacteria cewa rayuwa a ko'ina - saki na oxygen ta photosynthesis. Saboda haka su ne kai tsaye, tare da sauran wakilan Flora da shiga a cikin samuwar cikin yanayin duniya. Kuma a zamanin da, bisa ga zamani malaman, da magabatan wadannan kwayoyin suna zahiri halitta a hankali da yanayi na duniya tamu.

Yanaye pathogenic microorganisms

Yana m germs, wanda a karkashin wani yanayi na iya haifar da lahani, amma a al'ada yanayi "zama tsaka tsaki." Irin halittun yanayi sallama mai yawa a cikin jikin mutum, su dokoki ne da ake dasu Flora. Yana enterococci, E. coli, staphylococcus da fungi, a karkashin wani yanayi, wanda zai iya zama pathogenic, watau cuta-haddasa. Amma a cikin jiki da lafiya mutum tare da mai kyau rigakafi cewa yawanci ba ya faru.