Iri kalandarku: tsoho, ta zamani, da kuma musamman

Calendar fiye da ake kira a tsarin, ta hanyar abin da shi ne zai yiwu a bambance da ya kwarara daga lokaci a yau da kullum jinkiri, wanda taimaka streamline rayuwarsu. Shi ne mai girma da yawa, kuma suna dogara ne a kan daban-daban ka'idodin a tarihin 'yan adam kalandarku. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna da babban iri kalandarku kazalika da magana game da abin da irin siffar iya daukar mu a halin yanzu tsarin lokaci tunani.

Asalin kalmar "Kalanda"

Kafin a ci gaba da bayanin kai tsaye nasu lambar tsarin iri, don gano inda kalmar zo, su lakabtawa. Kalmar "kalanda" etymologically zo daga Latin fi'ili caleo, wanda fassara zuwa "bayyanãwa." Wani zabin, wanda ya zama tushen kalmar "kalanda", wannan calendarium. A karshe daya a zamanin d Roma kira bashi littafi. Caleo tserar domin mu ƙwaƙwalwar da cewa a Roma farkon kowane watan, a wani musamman hanya rantsuwarsu zayyana. Amma ga bashin da littafin, da darajar saboda gaskiyar cewa duk da sha'awa a kan basussuka da rance a Roma biya a rana ta farko.

Asalin kalanda tsarin

Game da lokaci na tafiya a cikin wani musamman range, mutãne ya gane lokaci mai tsawo a kan tushen da cyclically maimaituwa events da kuma mamaki, wanda shi ne sallama mai yawa. Wannan, misali, dare da rana, da yanayi, da juyawa daga cikin wani sarari suKe duniyoyin, da sauransu. A kan tushen da su ƙarshe samo asali daban-daban iri kalandarku. Ainihin naúrar na lokaci wani daya daga cikinsu - a rana, da suka hada da daya daga cikin Duniya juyawa a kusa da kansa axis. Sa'an nan da muhimmanci rawa a tarihin da watã, da kasoshin lokatan canji wanda Forms da ake kira synodic watan. Shi ne ya yi kamar yadda Girkanci kalmar "sinodos", wanda aka fassara a matsayin "haduwa". Muna magana ne game haduwa a da rãnã da watã sama. Kuma a karshe, wani canji na hudu yanayi na wurare masu zafi shekara. Its sunan zo daga Girkanci "Tropos" ie, "kunna".

Me daban-daban al'ummai da suke zaune a wannan duniyar tamu, akwai iri daban-daban kalandarku? Amsar ta'allaka ne da cewa tsawon lokaci na kullum sake zagayowar, da synodic watan, kuma wata alaka tsakanin wani wurare masu zafi shekara cewa yayi wani m zabi a lokacin da Tattara bayanan kalanda.

Iri uku kalandar

A kan tushen da dabi'u da aka bayyana a cikin daban-daban sau aka yi ta kokari yin kalanda Fit ga al'umma. Wasu daga cikin su sun kasance snnã shiryuwa ne kawai ta hanyar Lunar hawan keke. Kamar haka, akwai wata kalandarku. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka ƙidaya watanni goma sha biyu, ya mayar da hankali ne kawai a kan motsi na dare fitilu, da kuma ba dace da yanayi. Others, a akasin haka, da lissafin sanya kawai a kan tushen daga cikin da'irar na yanayi, ko da watã kuma ta launi. Wannan dabarar ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa hasken rana kalanda. Duk da haka wasu sun dauki la'akari biyu hawan keke - hasken rana da kuma Lunar. Kuma, gina a kan na karshe, kokarin, ko ta wani hanya, to sulhu biyu tare. Sun yi ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani gauraye da hasken rana-Lunar kalandarku.

Lunar kalanda

Mu yanzu tattauna da nuances na tsarin na lissafi na lokaci tushen kawai a kan watã ta motsi. Lunar kalanda, kamar yadda aka ce, da aka dogara ne a kan synodic wata - zagayowar shift kasoshin lokatan wata daga sabon wata zuwa cikakken watã. A talakawan duration na watan ne 29,53 kwanaki. Saboda haka, a mafi yawan Lunar kalanda wata yana 29 ko 30 days. A wannan shekara ne mafi yawa da shi kunshi watanni goma sha biyu. Saboda haka, shi ya bayyana cewa tsawon shekara ne game da 354,36 kwanaki. Matsayin mai mulkin, shi za a taso keya zuwa 354, yayin da lokaci zuwa lokaci gabatar da wani tsalle shekara na 355 days. Sun yi shi duka daban. Alal misali, sanannen Turkish jerin, inda shekaru takwas asusu na uku tsalle shekaru. Wani zabin, da wani rabo daga 30/11, yayi wani Larabci tsarin, wanda aka sanya a kan tushen da gargajiya Musulmi kalanda.

Tun da Lunar kalandarku ba da alaka da motsi na da rana, da suka hankali diverge daga gare su, saboda da bambanci a fiye da kwanaki goma a wani shekara. Saboda haka, sake zagayowar daga cikin hasken rana kalanda a '34 yayi dace da shekaru 35 na Lunar. Duk da irin wannan inaccuracy, wannan tsarin ya gana da mutane da yawa, musamman a farkon matakai na ci gaba, a lokacin da na su aka halin da nomadic salon. Moon sauƙi observable a cikin sama, kuma wannan kalanda ba ya bukatar fiye da rikitarwa lissafin. A tsawon lokaci, duk da haka, a lokacin da rawar da aikin noma da kuma ta capabilities sun kasa - shi ya dauki mafi watanni wuya fegi da yanayi da kuma kewayon m ayyukansu. Wannan ya kara kuzari da ci gaban da hasken rana kalanda.

A hasara na Lunar kalanda

Baya da cewa da kalandar ta kafu ne a kan Lunar sake zagayowar, muhimmanci diverges tare da wurare masu zafi shekara, yana da wani gagarumin drawback. Ya kunshi a gaskiyar cewa saboda sosai hadaddun kewayewa duration na synodic wata ne kullum canja. Bambanci a cikin wannan hali zai iya zuwa har shida hours. Ya kamata a ce cewa masomin wani sabon wata a cikin Lunar kalanda ba wani sabon watã, wanda trudnonablyudaemo, da kuma abin da ake kira neomeniya - na farko bayyanar da sabon watã a faɗuwar rana. Wannan taron ya bi sabon watã bayan 2 ko 3 days. A lokaci guda neomenii dogara da kakar, da duration na yanzu watan da kuma sa ido ta location. Wannan yana nufin cewa kalanda da aka lasafta a wuri guda, shi zai zama kaucewa m zuwa wani yanki. A kan dukan, babu tsarin dogara ne a kan Lunar hawan keke, ba zai iya daidai daidai da real yunkuri na dare fitilu.

hasken rana kalandar

Calendar Tarihi ba zai iya zama cikakken ba tare da Ambaton hasken rana sake zagayowar. Dole ne in ce cewa a yau shi ne babban nau'i na ƙidãyar lokaci. Ya dogara ne a kan wurare masu zafi shekara, kunsha na 365,24 kwanaki. Don yin lissafin mafi m, lokaci-lokaci gabatar da tsalle shekaru, wanda tara da tara "ragi" a daya "karin" rana. Akwai daban-daban visokosov tsarin, yin aka sani da yawa iri kalandarku dangane da rana ta motsi. Masomin gargajiyance dauke da rana na vernal equinox. Saboda haka, daya daga cikin bukatun da hasken rana kalandar ne cewa a kowace shekara da taron da a wannan ranar.

A farko tsarin da visokosov Julian kalanda. Ya rauni aya shi ne cewa for shekaru 128, ya sami wani karin rana, da kuma canja da equinox, bi da bi, da baya. Wannan inaccuracy kokarin gyara ta hanyoyi da dama. Alal misali, Omar Khayyam miƙa musamman mai shekaru 33 sake zagayowar, wanda ya sa'an nan ba da dalilin Persian kalanda. Daga baya, a kan shirin na Paparoma Gregory ya gabatar da Gregorian kalanda, wanda shi ne babban yakin kalanda a zamani al'umma. Haka kuma an hankali samun karin wani yini, amma wannan lokacin aka mika to 128 shekara zuwa 3300.

Wani yunkurin inganta Julian tsarin da aka sanya Milutin Milankovitch. Ya ɓullo da abin da ake kira Littafi Julian Calendar, wanda shi ne wani kuskure a cikin rana ya riga ya sami 50 000 shekara. Wannan ne yake aikata ta musamman mulki dangane da wadanda mutane (shekaru da suka za a iya daukan wani tsalle shekara kawai idan rabo da 900 a cikin saura bayyana 2 ko 6). A hasara na Gregorian da kuma Littafi Julian Calendar a lokacin da daidaito shi ne gaskiya cewa ranar da equinox wãyi iyo, kuma mun yi a kowace shekara a kan daban-daban kwanaki.

lunar Calendar

A karshe, mun taba amfani da hasken rana-Lunar kalanda. Its ainihi shi ne don kawo tare a daya sake zagayowar na motsi da rana daga watã motsi. Domin wannan shi ya zama dole lokaci zuwa lokaci, sabunta shekara ta wata daya. Ya kira wannan shekara embolismicheskim. A zamanin d Girka, da Babila, da uku ƙarin watanni da aka gudanar shekara takwas. Ya kuskure ne daya da rabi kwana ga dukan shekaru takwas lokaci. Ƙara sake zagayowar, a matsayin tarihi na kalandar ce, da aka soma a kasar Sin, ko da yake sun san da kuma a Babila, da kuma Girka. Ya kuskure ne wata rana zuwa 219 shekaru.

iri kalandarku

Yanzu bari mu magana game da abin da kalanda bambancin zama a yau. Yana game da zane, ba game da astronomical fasali. Saboda haka, mafi in bukatar a yau, bitar, bango kuma aljihu kalandarku da hawaye.

kalanda zane

Wani suna na da irin wannan littafin tipografnogo - "gidan". Duk da yake wasu embodiments iya samun daban-daban yi da kuma ciki har da wani tsayawar roba. Wadannan sau da yawa ne na game da wani goyon baya ga pencils da kuma sassan na matsakaitan. A kasa line ne da cewa tebur kalanda da aka gina don haka da cewa tebur watanni aka located a kan daban-daban shafukan da bukatar dace kau da. Tare da kalanda don su sosai dace located da dama bayanai, ko kuma kawai kyau images suna kunshe a cikin overall dakin zane. Aiwatar da irin kayayyakin sau da yawa a cikin ofisoshin da aka dace located a kusurwar da tebur. Desk kalandar ne ma sau da yawa hidima a matsayin kyauta ko kyauta.

Wall kalandar

Mutane da yawa a cikin kitchen akwai kalanda a haɗe zuwa ga bango, da firiji kofa ko ƙofar. Wall kalandarku ne Popular domin shi ne dace don amfani, kuma su ado darajar a zamaninmu sanya su mai ban mamaki ado ga gida. Wani lokaci su ake hada da "gidan" fasahar. A wannan yanayin, bango kalandarku, kamar yadda mai mulkin, wadannan albums mãsu lazimta a kansu zuwa wani keɓaɓɓen batu. A aiki ne, a gaskiya, lokaci lissafi bar su da wayside.

aljihu kalandar

Wannan irin ne mai yiwuwa ya fi na kowa a cikin lokaci. Aljihu kalandarku ne kananan cards, gefe daya daga wanda yake shi ne, a gaskiya, kalanda farantin, da kuma a kan wasu - wasu zane. Sau da yawa sosai, wadannan kayayyakin bauta a matsayin alamomin, katunan kasuwanci. Sau da yawa suna amfani da shi don talla dalilai. Aljihu kalandarku - wani irin cards cewa kai da ƙarin aiki. Su za a iya sa a cikin walat da kuma kawo tare da su, shan kamar yadda ake bukata.

yaga-kashe kalandarku

Soviet hawaye-kashe kalandar saba wa kowa da kowa. Da zarar an same su a kusan kowane gida, amma yanzu su shahararsa ya auku da ɗan, ko da yake har yanzu suna na kowa. Wadannan kayayyakin wakiltar wani real littafin, inda kowane page aka kasaftawa ga wata rana daga cikin shekara. Lokacin shi ne wani sabon rana, baya page kashe. Saboda haka, shi ne ake kira mai Pull. A kan Reverse gefen shafi na dauke da wasu rubutu. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, kowanne daga cikin wadannan kalandarku ne kwazo da wani topic da kuma buga shi a cikin wani fairly m Madogararsa.

coci kalandar

A 'yan kalmomi ya kamata kuma a ce cewa irin wannan coci kalanda, kamar yadda da yawa zo coci ko karatu coci adabi, da fuskantar da dual tsarin na Dating. A gaskiya, a karkashin Orthodox Church kalanda na nufin wani talakawa Julian kalanda. Kawai a kan shekara dubu biyu da shi ya zama ya ci gaba har da real-lokaci astronomical ci gaba domin kusan makonni biyu. The Catholic Church da aka gyara, sakamakon bayyanar da Gregorian kalanda. Amma da Orthodox na garambawul da aka ba a karɓa. Rasha Orthodox Church, da kuma 'yan m uri'a, misali, har yanzu bi zuwa ga Julian Chronology. Amma mafi yawan Orthodox majami'u a duniya har yanzu tafi a kan Littafi Julian Calendar, wanda yanzu ya yi daidai da Gregorian.

Church kalanda, saboda haka, yana da akalla uku jinsunan. A wasu ƙasashe, haka ma, su kasa kalandarku amfani da majami'u. Alal misali, a Misira 'yan Koftik Chronology rarraba tsarin. Suna da nasu kalandarku da kuma sauran kungiyoyin addini. Known, misali, da Vedic, Buddha, Musulunci, Baha'i da kuma sauran kungiyoyin da tsarin lokaci.

Mayan Calendar

A ƙarshe, 'yan kalmomi game da abin da tsoho Mayan kalandar. A gaskiya, shi ne ba daya amma a dukan daban-daban tsarin na Chronology. Rundunar kalanda shekara a Mayan ya rana da kuma kunshi 365 days. Its main nufi shi ne cewa ya tsara farm rayuwa. Akwai kuma wata al'ada kalanda, da ake kira Tzolkin. An fassara a matsayin "count na kwana". Ya na da ɗan sabon abu a cikin tsarinta. Alal misali, kalanda shekara Tzolkin ƙunshi wani 365 da kuma 260 kwanaki. A karshen da aka kasu kashi biyu hawan keke - wani ashirin da trinadtsatidnevny. Kwanaki na farko daga cikinsu sun ta sunan kansa, da kuma na biyu dauke da kawai serial number. Mayan lokaci kirgawa tsarin hada da irin wannan lokaci kamar yadda tuna (360 days), katuns (20 tuns) baktuns (20 katuns). Yana da aka dauke mafi girma zamanin a cikin 260 katuns. A cikin sharuddan kirgawa tsarin saba mana shi ne 5125 shekara. 21 ga Disamba, 2012 sa a daya irin wannan zamanin, ya kira ta biyar rãnã, kuma ya fara wani sabon zamanin na shida.