Yadda yawa hasumiyai na Moscow Kremlin: jerin bayanin da tarihin

Cikin tsofaffin gini a Moscow, cikin Kremlin ne yanzu da hallmark na Rasha babban birnin kasar. A hanya shi ake gani a zamaninmu mazauna da kuma baƙi - shi ne aikin hannu da kuma gine-ginen kan 5 ƙarni. Tun da ta fara nan gaba, da Rasha, babban birnin kasar a lokacin da Yury Dolgoruky a kan tabo shiri a cikin Moscow River umurce su da su gina sansanin soja. An daidai kiyaye su, da kuma na zamani Muscovites san da yawa hasumiyoyin da Kremlin, da kuma yawon bude ido daga ko'ina cikin duniya zo sha'awan ta girma.

Tarihi da kuma bayanin irin Moscow Kremlin

A cikin ƙarni ginin Moscow Rasha tsars gayyace mafi kyau Italian gine-ginen da fadada da kuma karfafa ta sansanin soja, wanda delineates iyakar hankali. A daban-daban lokaci na 20 "vezh" an gina shi - shi ke nawa hasumiyai a Kremlin.

Kowace daga cikinsu ba kawai ta tarihi, amma kuma da sunan amma biyu, su ne mutanen da ake kira - mara Suna. A Kremlin fara gina a kusa da shiri Vyatichi a tsakiyar XII karni. Saboda haka, a cikin 1156, na farko 850 mita na tsaron gida Tsarin aka gina. Domin kusan karni da sansanin soja da aka gina, amma sai aka hallaka da mangolawa a 1238

Bayan ta maido a 1264 tare da Moscow sarakuna sanya shi su zama, da kuma a 1339 ta yi ta farko hasumiya, amma har yanzu aka yi da itace. Kawai a zamanin mulkin Dmitry Donskoy a 1366 da katako garu da hasumiyoyin aka maye gurbinsu da fari dutse, wanda aka sassaƙaƙƙun ba da nisa daga Moscow. Daga wannan ya zo da sunan birnin - "fari dutse".

Yadda yawa hasumiyoyin da Kremlin ya a lokacin ba a sani ba, kamar yadda suke sa'an nan halaka ta, sa'an nan ya gina. Wannan ya fara ta sake fasalin kudin karkashin Ivan III. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta gaskiya cewa fari na gida dutse ya short-rayu kuma ya fara dakushewa, amma wani zamani look ga sansanin soja da ya fara a saya a 1485. A waɗannan kwanaki, da yawa hasumiyai a Moscow Kremlin ya kasance, duk suka aikatã game da ganuwar da kuma sake gina bulo.

A karshe nau'i na kagara samu a 1516, yayin da ta ciki tsarin ne kullum canja. Tower na Moscow Kremlin (jerin kasa), da ganuwar ne sababbu alwatika. Wannan nau'i shi samu a zamanin mulkin Ivan III. Shi ya tsare iyakoki na kagara. A jerin daga cikin Kremlin hasumiyai:

1. Spassky.
2. Vodovzvodnaya.
3. Borovitskaya.
4. Ma'ajiyar makamai.
5. Kwamandan.
6. Nikolskaya.
7. Triniti.
8. Kutafya.
9. Tsar.
10. Majalisar Dattijai.
11. Middle Arsenal.
12. Kusurwa Arsenal.
13. Beklemishevskaya.
14. Nabatnaya.
15. Constantine da kuma Helen.
16. Da farko Nameless.
17. Biyu Nameless.
18. Bitrus.
19. Taynitskaya.
20. Gaske Shelar.

Kremlin hasumiyar (bayanin kowanne dabam a kasa), kazalika da ganuwar, daidai kiyaye, sabanin ciki Tsarin. Babbar lalacewar da aka yi da su zuwa tsohon coci a Stalin zamanin.

Taynitskaya hasumiyar da hasumiyar ƙofar Borovitskie

Yadda yawa hasumiyai aikata Moscow Kremlin, kamar yadda ya yi da labaru. Alal misali, Taynitskaya aka mai suna haka saboda shi zuwa Moscow River jagoranci Ƙofar baya idan akwai wani sansanin soja, ko hari ya faru dogon kewaye.

Tsayinsa - 38,4 m, da zarar akwai wata kofa da cewa daga baya aka bricked up. An farko gina a tubali version a 1485 a karkashin shugabanci na m Anton Fryazino.

Yadda yawa hasumiyoyin da Kremlin, amma kawai 3 na su ne zagaye, da kuma sauran da square siffar. Wannan Borovitskaya ne mai tsayi square gini, lashe tare da wani tako tadawa. An located a kan mafi girman dutsen a Moscow, don haka a lokacin da shi ne "girma" 54,05 m ne a fili a bayyane daga nesa.

Ban sha'awa facts: gina a 1490 ta Italian master Pietro Solari, shi ne umurnin sarki daga 1658 aka kira Baptist hasumiya, da ake kira kusa Church Ioanna Predtechi da icon na wannan sunan, saka sama ta ƙofar.

Moskvoretskaya, Gaske Shelar da Vodovzvodnaya hasumiya

Beklemishevskaya, ko kuma kamar yadda yanzu ake kira, Moskvoretskaya hasumiya lashe kudu-gabashin Kremlin. Wannan zagaye tsarin da kunkuntar loopholes aka gina ta Italian m Marco Ruffo a 1488.

Its sunan, wannan hasumiya ne saboda da m yadi Boyar Beklemisheva. Lokacin da Vasily III wannan wuri aiki a matsayin wani kurkuku domin auku daga ni'imar da Sarkin boyars. A lokacin, shi ne na manyan dabarun muhimmancin, kamar yadda aka located a mahada na Moscow River da kuma tsaron gida moat, don haka na farko zo karkashin wuta.

Crowning Silinda tayal mashikuli tsawo 46,2 m (hinged tsaye slits ga harbi abokan gaba) kewaye da wani fama yankin. A wannan hanya ta zo ta tsaya har zuwa 1680, lokacin da aka yi wa ado da takwas nuna tare da kunkuntar alfarwa. Saboda haka shi ya dubi a yau. Its sabon sunan yana binta bashin dake kusa Moscow River gada.

Gaske Shelar hasumiya ne mai suna bayan da banmamaki, icon, wanda aka adana a cikin ta. Daga baya gina wani coci ga icon, amma sunan da ya makale.

Vodovzvodnaya Tower ne mai kusurwa kuma an haka ya kira domin da zarar akwai wani na'ura da tsotso ruwa daga cikin kogi da kuma isar da shi ta hanyar gubar bututu a fādar na Kremlin.

A 17th karni, da mota da aka dismantled da kuma mayar da su St. Petersburg don marẽmari na'urar. Hasumiyar ne 61,45 m.

Ma'ajiyar makamai da kuma Kwamandan hasumiya

Da zarar gidan makamai hasumiya tsaya a bakin Neglinka, amma sa'an nan kogin "ƙuƙuntacce" a cikin bututu a karkashin kasa. Sunansa da aka tilasta tsarin gina kusa da gidan makamai, inda suka zarar located makamai da kuma kayan ado nazarinsa. Yanzu shi ne gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ya gabatar da wani musamman soja da kuma kayan ado tsoho kayayyakin gargajiya. 32,65 m tsawo daga cikin ginin.

Kwamandan hasumiya gina a 1495, amma ya sami halin yanzu sunan kawai a cikin karni na 19th, a lokacin da Kwamandan sansanin soja mayar da su cikin kusa Fun Palace.

Trinity, Kutafya da Bitrus hasumiya

Yadda yawa hasumiyoyin da Kremlin, kusan dukkan su sun gina, sãbuwa, ta Italian sana'a a cikin 15th karni. Wannan Triniti gina Aloisio da Karezano a 1495-1499 shekaru. Shi ne da tallest gini na Kremlin. Tsayinsa ne 80 m, kuma tare da wani spire crowning shi a star. Sunansa ya samu domin gina da nan kusa Triniti Church.

Ban sha'awa gaskiya: a wani lokaci wannan gini ya na da wani sunan daban, misali Rizopolozhensky, kocin ko Znamenskaya yayin da a 1658 bai samu ta yanzu sunan. Da zarar a ta biyu-labarin akai wani kurkuku. Har 1935 ta spire lashe sarki gaggafa, wadda ta maye gurbin yaƙutu star zuwa ranar tunawa da juyin juya halin.

Kutafya Tower tsaye a farkon cikin Troitsky Bridge , kuma ba a son sauran gine-gine na Kremlin. Shi ne mafi ƙasƙanci. (18 m), squat kuma fadi, don haka shi yana da kyau mai suna. Kutafia a Rasha teased m hulking mata.

Tun da mafi raunin, daga dabarun ra'ayi, ya kudancin bango na Kremlin, aka gina a can wani ƙarin hasumiya. An dade kasance mara, amma sai makale da sunan Peter a nan kusa Church of Lardi Bitrus.

Middle da Corner Arsenal Tower

Middle Arsenal Tower (1493-1495 gg.) Tsiwirwirinsu sunanta ne daga wani gina kusa ta ma'ajiyar makamai. Da ta ke da Alexander Aljanna.

Sunan Corner Arsenal Tower yayi magana don kansa. Ta taso keya siffar da yake sananne ga ta da kyau, wanda shi ne fiye da shekaru 500. An located a gindi daga cikin ginin, kuma har yanzu cika da kyau da ruwa daga wani boye kogin.

Nicholas, majalisar dattijai da kuma Spasskaya hasumiya

Yadda yawa hasumiyai a Kremlin, kuma kusan dukkan su suna da sunayen hade tare da m majami'u. Saboda haka Nicholas daga gare su. Wannan tafiya da ginin da aka sanye take da wani drawbridge kan moat da sanduna, wadda a sau hadari aka saukar da, don haka da cewa makiya ba sun shũɗe. Shi ne ta hanyar ta Minin da Pozharsky kutsa tare da sojojinsa kuma 'yanci cikin birni daga Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian baki.

Majalisar Dattijan hasumiyar (1491) aka located bayan da kabarin V. I. Lenina kuma suna girmama na majalisar dattijai gini, located bayan da Kremlin bango.

Spassky hasumiyar da aka gina a kan site na tsohon babban ƙofofin Kremlin. Wucewa a kan icon na Mai-Ceto da aka shigar, da ƙofar kanta da aka bautawa a tsattsarkar al'umma, shiga da shi bi a kan kafar da ta kai gano. A zamaninmu shi kafa shahara astronomical Clock.

Sauran Kremlin hasumiyai

Farko da na biyu mara Suna hasumiyar da kawai dabarun muhimmancin, misali a daya daga cikinsu ya foda keg.

Nabatnaya hasumiya gaske da aka sanye take da wani kararrawa da kuma wani Viewing dandamali a kan abin da maharba kasance a kan taƙawa. A 18th karni da ringing na karrarawa fara wani bore a birnin, da kuma lokacin da ya sa saukar, to, ya tuɓe "m" na harshe. Kuma sun rataye a shiru kararrawa, sai ya aka aiko zuwa ga gidan kayan gargajiya.

Royal wuya a hasumiya, tun da shi ne kawai wani add-tanti, inda Ivan Grozny son zo a dubi birni.

Constantine da kuma Helen Tower kuma suna girmama na coci. Gina a 1490, kuma shi ne sanannen domin shi ne ta hanyar ta Rasha sojoji tafi yaki, kamar Dmitry Donskoy tare da sojoji.

Wannan nawa hasumiyai ƙawata Moscow Kremlin a yau.