Hakowa directional: da amfani ko rashin amfani

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da yi daga cikin doguwar rikicin, yawan gina gine-gine, masana'antu gidaje, hanyoyi da kuma sauran kayayyakin da wuraren qara. Bi da bi, suna samun mafi m high-tech injiniya dabarun da rage lokacin da aiki.

Overview

Wadannan sun hada da wani directional hakowa. An sani cewa akwai da kyau kamar yadda a tsaye (misali) ko angled. Haka kuma da ake bukata domin wannan sabawa daga tsaye / kwance kananan: kawai 2 digiri da misali hakowa, fiye da 6 darajõji ga zurfin hakowa (artesian rijiyoyin, man fetur ko gas).

Da sauƙi, gaban wannan sabawa za a iya sa ba kawai wucin gadi, amma quite halitta haddasawa. Sun kasu kashi da dama kungiyoyin (ma'aunan kasa, fasaha, fasaha). Idan ka san duk wadannan dalilai sosai, za ka iya daidai sarrafa matsayi na da kyau a cikin sarari.

Haka kuma, a karkashin wucin gadi sabawa nufin wani "warping" wellbore wanda aka asali nufin. Yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa hakowa daga directional yana nufin tsananin iko da shugabanci na motsi na rawar soja a ko'ina cikin wasan kwaikwayon.

Features na hakowa da kuma man gas rijiyoyin

Musamman matsaloli da dama na irin wannan aiki ya kawo a cikin bangare na masana'antar mai da gas. Akwai directional hakowa yana da wani sashe, ta amfani musamman jagora profiles. Yana da muhimmanci mu tuna cewa babba rami ne ko da yaushe (!) Shin tsananin tsaye, da kuma sabawa fara a cikin ƙananan hukumomi, a cikin shirin kaiwa azimuth.

Sau da yawa sosai directional hakowa ba a amfani da a ci gaba da filayen, amma kawai a lokacin da suke prospecting. Da yawa mai rahusa don duba gaban "alamomi", yin wani wajen dogon gangaren rami fiye da kawai kokarin rawar soja dutsen isa zurfin tsaye.

Yadda ake da shi da za'ayi directional hakowa? A fasahar ne in mun gwada sauki: na farko babban rami karya, sa'an nan, tare da taimakon curving na'urar da ake so wuri da aka kawota à ko horizontally daidaitacce auger, wanda an riga an yi wani karin shaft. Don daidai kula da qaddara shugabanci na aikin, dole ne ka yi amfani da "alamomi", suna kuma da tashoshin. A lokuta da dama, ta amfani musamman kyamarori da cewa ba ka damar ganin hakowa tsari.

muhimmanci lura da

Ya kamata a lura cewa a wasu lokuta tilasta yin irin wannan rijiyoyin ma'aunan kasa siffofin na kankara. Saboda haka, wani lokacin yana da rahusa don ciyar rami a kan wurin da ya faru na wasu m igneous dutse fiye da zuwa Punch ta.

Har ila yau, lura da cewa hakowa directional kuma yakan haifar da wani warwarewarsu mai tsananin a kwance rijiyoyin burtsatse. All rijiyoyin, samu da wannan hanya ya kasu kashi guda da Multi-branched. A karshen harka, babban akwati na motsi tafi 'yan cuttings. Irin wannan hanya na hakowa a cikin masana'antar mai da gas da aka yadu a yi amfani da wadannan lokuta:

• Lokacin bude oil- ko gas-hali strata, wanda karya tsakanin layi daya laifinsu.
• Idan dai itace cewa da samar da samuwar abruptly canjãwa shugabanci.
• A cikin akwati inda mai-hali ko gas-hali sãsanni da karya ƙarƙashin gishiri domes (saboda hakowa matsaloli ta hanyar da na karshe).
• Lokacin da ka bukatar ka kewaye da gagarumar zone a mahakar.
• Gangara (kwance, musamman) hakowa ne ba makawa idan tafki ta'allaka a karkashin wasu jiki na ruwa ko a kan seabed karkashin zama bariki ko raba gine-gine.
• A hakowa dandamali da kuma tudun lodi, wanda aka located kai tsaye a kan teku, a 90% na lokuta amfani da wannan hanyar rami wayoyi.
• Bugu da kari, directional hakowa ne ba makawa idan bukata rike da sulhu da rijiyoyin a yankunan da sosai karko (gullies, tsaunuka da kuma kama. D.).

A irin wannan tsari ne ba makawa, idan saboda wasu dalilai (karo, kankara tectonic shift) shaft ya canja zuwa, amma saboda akwai bukatar samu a kusa da matsalar yankunan. Kamar yadda aka yi idan kana so ka yi core samfurori daga cikin babban akwati, tun in ba haka ba wannan ba zai yiwu.

Har ila yau, directional hakowa da aka yi amfani da lokacin da ka bukatar sauri sa fitar da wuta a kan saboda wasu dalilai, da kyau, kazalika a lokuta inda ƙananan rabo daga cikin rami ake bukata don fadada domin sarrafawa dalilai. A irin wannan hanya don ƙara magudanun ruwa a yankin da haihuwa rijiyoyin, a lokacin da shi ake bukata tada samar kundin.

Irin wannan al'adar, a lokacin da farko san cewa filin ba ya kasance a cikin category na arziki, amma shi ne ake bukata don sauri "milked". Sa'an nan amfani da "daji" hakowa, tare da mahara da mahara-famfo daga babban rami gefe. Idan a cikin wannan harka amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin daga filin fitarwa zai zama low, da kyau da sauri m.

Amfani kwance directional hakowa ƙulli farko rami ta hanyar carbon manna, kamar yadda a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki, suna bukatar pre-saki daga yiwu gas Aljihuna. Idan ba ka aikata ba, chances na kumburi da kuma ko da fashewa ko a lokacin aiki na da kyau.

Domin keta rami a duk lokuta amfani downhole Motors (Turbodrills, lokaci-lokaci - lantarki drills, dunƙule motor). Hanyar hakowa - Rotary.

asali hanyoyin

Ainihin hanyar (kamar yadda muka yi, da kuma kasashen waje) ne da yin amfani da tsauri fasali na ƙasa. Wannan shi ne m, a matsayin daidai santsi tuddanta, kuma matakan ne ba a ko'ina.

Yawanci, a samfurin da aka dauka domin misali hanya (profiles), wanda aka gina a gaba da kuma amfani da wannan ilmin lissafi tallan kayan kawa da hanyoyin. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa "misali" Hanyar iya kawai a yi amfani da (!) A cikin riga ɓullo da filayen, duk siffofin da cewa sun dade da aka sani. A peculiarity wannan Hanyar - da curvature na yankin kada ka yi kokarin sarrafa da kuma daidaita zuwa gare shi. Alas, amma ta bayyana wani gagarumin hasara na wani alama Yunƙurin a farashin da hakowa.

The aikin profile ne m ga alama wuraren da ciwon matsakaicin mataki na curvature, kamar yadda ba tare da wadannan bayanan dokoki da ƙãre aikin impractical. Domin zane, a cikin wannan yanayin ya gana horar da m directional hakowa.

Canza layout na hakowa na'ura for daidaitawa da lankwasawa na da kyau

Mafi na kowa hanya lõkacin da ta je manajan ramin lanƙwasa kai tsaye a lokacin da ya shigar azzakari cikin farji. mai kyau Hanyar domin shi ba shi da yin amfani da musamman kayan aiki. Its hasara ne mai karfi da ya rage mata da kara hakowa yanayi.

A amfani da wucin gadi diverters

Domin ayyukan da irin wannan ne used mai lankwasa Subs nonna eccentric type, wedges, sauran deflectors. All na'urorin aka zaba akayi daban-daban, dangane da takamaiman halin da ake ciki da kuma irin ƙasa.

daji jinsunan

An muhimmanci Hanyar directional hakowa ne a daji shigar azzakari cikin farji rami. A wannan yanayin, farkon dukkan rami located a guda aya, kuma karshen sassan - a wuraren da yadudduka da aka sani da adibas tafi.

A hanya ne mai kyau, saboda shi ba ka damar rage yawan shigarwa aiki a kan site, da cika fuska rage bukata lambar sadarwa Lines, ciki har da hanyoyi da wuraren da aikin da kuma rage bukatar ruwa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki Lines. Wannan irin hakowa da aka farko gwada a Tarayyar Soviet, mafi daidai, a Azerbaijan a lokacin yi aiki a kan Artem Island.

Babban hasara ne da muhimmancin da guje wa tsallaka bakin mahakar. Bugu da kari, mun tilasta kare riga aiki a lokacin da sakandare hakowa rami, kamar yadda ake bukata da wuta aminci dokoki. A karshe, wata babbar drawback bangaranci rami ne haduwar su m goyon baya da kuma gyara, kuma a cikin marine yanayi ne musamman wuya a kawar da breakouts.

A karkashin abin da yanayi amfani da tari hakowa?

Saboda haka a cikin abin da lokuta wani daji yada directed kwance hakowa? A dalilan da aikace-aikace ya kasu kashi da wadannan kungiyoyin:

• Manmade - hakowa a karkashin gine-gine, ciki har da na zama, da sauran fasaha wurare.
• Technology - inda shi ne iya cewa ci gaban da misali rijiyoyin za a lalace aiki na data kasance rami. Bangaranci Hanyar a wannan batun ba da irin wannan "traumatic".
• Geologic - a lokacin da ma'adanai karya m yadudduka, a bangarori daban-daban. A wannan yanayin, shigar directional hakowa ne kawai zaɓi lokacin da shi wajibi ne maza maza su tsayar da samar, tare da jawabin wani mamaki adadin kudi.
• Orographic - ya fi na kowa kungiyar na dalilai, ciki har da bukatar bude filin dake karkashin teku, da lake, a cikin hali na da wuya ƙasa, kazalika da kwanciya da kafuwar rami na teku dandamali da kuma tudun lodi.
• Sauyin yanayi. A cikin 'yan shekaru, a sassa da dama na Far Arewa akwai wani kwari Trend zuwa thawing permafrost, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa masana kawai da Resort ya bushy hakowa Hanyar. Sauran hanyoyin su ne fraught tare da rushewar da lumen na da kyau.

Lura cewa matsakaicin sakamako daga aiki na tari rijiyoyin lura a wani swampy, akai-akai flooded yankunan. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa a lokacin da directional hakowa a karkashin surface na tafki da matukar muhimmanci a da wani gogaggen ma'aikatan iya yadda ya kamata amfani da maɓallin kayan aiki, ba tare da wani hutu, ta hanyar da rami a irin wannan yanayi musamman zama ba zai yiwu ba.

Saboda haka, aiki na directional hakowa dole ta hada da search for a tech-savvy, ilimi ma'aikata.

Muhimmanci fasali na hanyar

Volume bushes kamar pyramids ko Cones, da darajar da, kamar yadda za a iya gane, dangane da girman da "blurring" na ci gaba da adibas. Haka kuma, yawan ƙulli rami a tsare fasaha damar. Yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa ga definition of girman da daji ya kamata a bi da responsibly, kamar yadda wannan index dogara a kan yankin na expropriated ƙasa.

Na musamman muhimmancin ne ci gaban da wani gwajin rami a cikin iyakoki na kauye. Rawa a sabis rijiyoyin gama wasa wuri wellheads. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa directional hakowa bututun ya zama babban hanya a karshe 15-20 shekaru, shi ne yadu amfani a yi.

A tabbatacce sakamakon tari hakowa

A general, wannan hanya muhimmanci rage kudin kungiyar na hakar ma'adinai, ko kuma shiri na masana'antu da wuraren, na taimaka wa ƙarar aiki da kai daga duk Manufacturing yadda ake gudanar da tafiyar matakai. More mahimmanci, wannan dabarar taimaka kare muhalli ta hanyar minimizing da muhalli tasiri.

Gaskiyar cewa aiwatar da tari hakowa zama quite yiwu gaba daya ya tattara hakowa sharar gida, ba kyale su su isa ƙasa ruwa, kazalika da rage alama na rage matakin na baya. Wannan ne sau da yawa gani da wani misali hakowa, kamar yadda a cikin wannan hali akwai halakar da aquifers.

Daya hive ƙunshi akalla biyu rijiyoyin. Yawanci, da man fetur a kasar mu tafiyar da ra'ayoyi rami na 18-24 guda, amma a wasu lokuta da yawan kafa for 30. Duk da haka, wannan ba wani Littãfi, tun akwai lokuta a duniya yi, a lokacin da daya daga cikin mahakar iya tashi a 60 " tafiyar matakai. " A musamman, da sananne BP ya fadi na sukar a kan wani karamin wucin gadi tsibirin 60 × m 60 ... 68 nan da nan rami. Yana yiwuwa a sharply kara da girma na mai samar daga daya filin.

Saboda haka cewa hakowa directional kuma a kwance rijiyoyin a cikin zamani tattalin arzikin ne musamman a bukatar daidai saboda adana abu da kuma kudaden gudanarwa.

Multi-branched irin hakowa

A halin yanzu, saboda da depletion na da yawa daga cikin tsofaffin filin, kadai abin dogara hanyar samu ma'adanai ne da yin amfani da m samar da dabaru, da suka hada da multihole hakowa. A daidai wannan lokaci daga babban rami a wani zurfin samu dama da sabon "matakai". Saboda wannan ƙwarai karu da yankin na da kyau a cikin m sararin sama, da kara kundin na sarrafa karafa. Bugu da kari, a lokaci guda ba za ka iya rage adadin hakowa a cikin sama, wadanda ba m sãsanni.

A kasar na farko da irin wannan da aka fadi na sukar a 1953 a Bashkiria. Amma da rami, ya wuce kai tsaye zuwa cikin tafki da kauri, za a iya yi kawai a karshen 50s. Haka ya faru a cikin Samara yankin. Nan da nan an gano cewa, yau da kullum fitarwa na irin rijiyoyin ne game da 40% fi da cewa da tsakiya sanya ta al'ada, a tsaye Hanyar.

A sa'an nan a cikin kasar suka fara samar directional hakowa. Ilimi a cikin wannan sana'a ana aiwatar a duk fasaha da cibiyoyin kasar.

Idan amfani splitters Hanyar, jimlar tsawon daga cikin rami a cikin samuwar ƙaruwa muhimmanci ƙara magudanun ruwa da kuma tacewa zone. Wannan na taimaka wa ba kawai ƙara tasiri na borehole, amma kuma qara da ingancin aiki a lokacin da samfurin. Wannan irin rami ya kasu kashi da wadannan iri:

• Karkata branched irin.
• Horizontally branched.
• Rami da radial shugabanci.

A karshen harka, da directional hakowa (kwance directional hakowa) da ake amfani a wuya ƙasa kuma nonuniform yawa ƙarni na sãsanni. Wannan hanya damar (yayin da minimizing kudin) zuwa kara da hakar ma'adanai.

Halaye splitters rami

Gane à branched rami kunshi wani babban shaft mikawa daga gangar jikin da su na biyu matakai, wanda aka located in daban-daban jirage. A gaskiya horizontally-directed irin shi ne bambancin da irin kawai aka bayyana. Iyakar abin da bambanci - daga "harbe" main wellbore mika tsananin a kwance jirgin sama a wani kwana na 90 digiri.

Haka kuma, da radial rami babban akwati ne ma tsaye, da kuma kara - circumferentially, Ina nufin a radial shugabanci. A cikin 'yan shekaru, branched rijiyoyin suna dauke sosai alamar shugabanci na hakowa, kamar yadda suka yi amfani a kan wani m sikelin yale mu mu magance da dama al'amurran da suka shafi cewa taso a cikin al'amari na ci gaba subsurface albarkatun:

• Maximally tasiri ci gaban filayen man fetur da sababbu tsari na sãsanni. A wannan yanayin da a tsaye directional hakowa ne ta fuskar tattalin arziki impractical, tun da karshe girma da aka samu unnecessarily manyan halin kaka.
• Hakowa QFontDatabase shugabanci iya rage yawan rijiyoyin amfani. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani karu a kudi ga ayyukan, kazalika da rage tasiri a kan muhalli.
• A hakar na sosai da danko sosai danyen mai, wanda aka pumped a musamman mai zurfin.
• Wannan hanya aka yi amfani da lokacin da ya zama dole a gina geothermal tashar yana amfani da makamashi karkashin kasa da ruwan zafi.

Saboda haka, hakowa daga directional rijiyoyin - wata dabara yadu a yi amfani da zamani masana'antar mai da gas da kuma gina masana'antu.