Geochronological sikelin da kuma tarihi na ci gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

Stratigraphic Scale (geochronological) - misali da abin da daukar tarihi na duniya da ma'aunan kasa na wucin gadi darajar. Wannan sikelin ne wani nau'i ne na kalandar cewa kirga saukar da lokaci jinkiri a cikin daruruwan dubbai kuma ma miliyoyin shekaru.

game da duniyar tamu

Modern al'ada views on Earth su ne bisa daban-daban data, bisa ga abin da shekaru duniya tamu ne game da hudu da rabi shekaru biliyan haihuwa. Babu kankara ko ma'adanai da zai iya nuna samuwar wannan duniya tamu ba tukuna samu wani ciki, ko a farfajiya. Tsaurin mahadi mai arziki a cikin alli, aluminum da kuma chondrites, wanda aka kafa a cikin hasken rana tsarin baya m iyakance matsakaicin shekarun duniya ta wadannan Figures. Stratigraphic Scale (geochronological) ya nuna iyakar samuwar sau a duniya.

wani iri-iri meteorites an yi karatu yin amfani da hanyoyin zamani, ciki har da uranium-gubar, kuma a sakamakon gabatar kimomi da shekaru na hasken rana tsarin. A sakamakon haka, lokacin elapsed tun daga halittar duniya, aka demarcated cikin ramummuka a kan mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru ga Duniya. Geochronological sikelin ne mai sauqi ka kiyaye hanya ma'aunan kasa lokaci. Phanerozoic zamanin da, misali, delineated manyan juyin events cewa ya faru da duniya nau'i nau'i na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta: da Paleozoic zuwa Mesozoic iyakar alama mafi girma a cikin tarihi na duniya ta jinsunan nau'i nau'i (Permian-Triassic), kuma ƙarshen Mesozoic Cenozoic rabu da Cretaceous-Paleogene nau'i nau'i.

Tarihi na halitta

Domin da matsayi da kuma nomenclature dukkan zamani ƙungiyoyin geochronology mafi muhimmanci karni na sha tara juya a kira su: a karo na biyu rabin aka gudanar zaman na IGC - International Sashen Congress. Bayan haka, daga 1881 zuwa 1900 shekaru, sun zamani stratigraphic sikelin.

Geochronological ta "cika" a nan gaba da maimaitawa mai ladabi da kuma canza kamar yadda sabon data zama available. Mabanbanta bayyanar cututtuka su ne batutuwa na musamman sunayen, amma ya fi kowa factor - Gwargwadon.

sunayen

Alal misali, zamanin Cambrian, don haka mai suna saboda Cambria - shi ne Wales a lokacin da Roman Empire, kuma da Devonian lokaci ne mai suna bayan County na Devonshire a Ingila. Sunan Permian lokaci zo daga birnin Perm, ya kuma ba Jurassic Jura Mountains sunan. Ancient kabilan - Sorb (Jamusawa kira su Wendy) bauta kira VENDIAN zamani, da kuma a cikin memory daga cikin Celts - kabilan ordovika da Silures - mai suna Silurian da Ordovician lokaci.

Geochronological sikelin ne, wani lokacin hade da sunan da ma'aunan kasa abun da ke ciki na kankara: Coal bayyana dangane da wani babban yawan kwal seams a lokacin tono, da kuma Cretaceous - kawai saboda marubuci ta alli baza a duniya.

yi manufa

Don sanin zumunta ma'aunan kasa da shekaru kankara, shi da ake bukata musamman geochronological sikelin. AD, a lokacin da yake da shekaru cewa an auna a shekara, ba wani babban yarjejeniyar geologists. All rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu ya kasu kashi biyu manyan kashi - Phanerozoic da kriptozoy (Precambrian), wanda ake delimited ta bayyanar burbushin a sedimentary kankara.

Kriptozoy - ban sha'awa lokacin, gaba daya boye daga gare mu, a matsayin sa'an nan data kasance m-bodied kwayoyin, sun bar wani alama a cikin sedimentary kankara. Lokaci na yanki lokaci sikelin kamar Ediacaria da Cambrian, ya bayyana a cikin Phanerozoic da burbushin halittu bincike da suka samu a cikin irin fadi da dama Shellfish da yawa jinsunan wasu kwayoyin. Finds na m Fauna da Flora, sun yarda da su, su raba strata kuma ba su dace sunayen.

lokaci jinkiri

Na biyu mafi girma rabo - wani ƙoƙari su gane tarihi jeri na Duniya ta rayuwa a lokacin da hudu manyan lokaci raba geochronological sikelin. Table nuna su a matsayin farko (Precambrian), na biyu (PALEOZOIC da Mezozoic), manyan (kusan duk Cainozoe) da kuma quaternary - lokaci, located in a matsayi na musamman domin ko guntuwa, amma yana cike da aukuwa bar wani haske da kuma da-karanta burbushi.

Yanzu don saukaka geochronological sikelin da Duniya ne zuwa kashi 4 AD da 11 lokuta. Amma na karshe biyu na wanda aka raba da wani 7 tsarin (lokaci). Wannan ba abin mamaki bane. Musamman mai ban sha'awa shi ne na karshe segments, saboda wannan yanki lokaci yayi dace da lokacin da ya faru da kuma ci gaban 'yan Adam.

Milestones

Domin hudu da rabi shekaru biliyan, da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a cikin tarihin duniya:

• Akwai pre-nukiliya kwayoyin (prokaryotes farko) - shekaru biliyan hudu da suka wuce.
• Da ikon da kwayoyin zuwa photosynthesis - uku biliyan shekaru da suka wuce.
• Kwayoyin ya bayyana tare da wani tsakiya (eukaryotes) - biliyan biyu da suka wuce.
• Bunƙasa kwayar kwayoyin - biliyan daya da suka wuce.
• Akwai kwari kakanninsa: na farko arthropod, arachnids, crustaceans, da kuma sauran kungiyoyin - 570 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce.
• Kifi da protoamfibii - su ne da ɗari biyar shekaru miliyan.
• Akwai terrestrial shuke-shuke da kuma sa mu farin ciki riga 475 shekaru miliyan.
• Kwari zauna a ƙasar ɗari huɗu da shekaru miliyan, da kuma shuka a wannan lokaci tazara samu tsaba.
• Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa rayuwa a duniya domin miliyan 360 shekara.
• Dabbobi masu rarrafe (dabbobi masu rarrafe) ya bayyana ɗari uku da miliyan shekaru da suka wuce.
• Ɗari biyu da miliyan shekaru da suka wuce, na farko dabbobi masu shayarwa ya fara fitowa.
• Daya ɗari da hamsin shekaru miliyan da suka wuce - ta farko tsuntsaye suna kokarin Master sama.
• Daya ɗari da talatin da shekaru miliyan da suka wuce ta shahara, furanni (flowering shuke-shuke).
• Sittin da biyar da miliyan shekaru da suka wuce da Duniya har abada rasa dinosaur.
• Biyu da rabi da suka wuce shekaru miliyan akwai wani mutum (halittar Homo).
• Da ɗaya da ɗari shekara dubu an kashe su daga farko anthropogenesis, don haka da cewa mutane sun samu su ba bayyanar.
• Ashirin da biyar da shekara dubu, ba ya zama a cikin ƙasa kwatanta.

Geochronological sikelin da kuma tarihi na ci gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, garwaya tare, albeit da ɗan schematically da kullum, a wajen m datings, amma da manufar da ci gaban rayuwa a duniya bayar da gani.

kwanciya kankara

Ɓawon burodi kagaggun rabe (inda babu take hakkin yadudduka saboda girgizar asa). Total geochronological sikelin kõma sama daidai da kamanta strata na kankara, wanda a fili ya nuna yadda rage-rage su shekaru daga kasa zuwa saman.

Burbushin ma mutate kamar yadda suka motsa har suka zama mafi hadaddun a tsarinta, wasu suna jurewa gagarumin canje-canje daga Layer to Layer. Yana za a iya lura, ba tare da ziyartar akan burbushin halitta gidan kayan gargajiya da kuma kawai ka gangara zuwa Metro - a kan dutse da marmara ta bar su ragowar sosai m daga mu zamanin.

Anthropogen

A karshe zamani na Cenozoic zamanin - zamani mataki na tarihin duniya, ciki har da Pleistocene da Holocene. Abin da bai faru ba a cikin wadannan m miliyoyin shekaru (masana yi imani da shi ne har yanzu a hanyoyi da dama: daga ɗari shida da dubu uku da rabi miliyan). Yana da aka maimaita canji na sanyaya kuma sauyawar yanayi, babbar nahiyar glaciation, a lokacin da kudu nadvinuvshihsya glaciers sauyin yanayi moisturize, ya bayyana a matsayin sabo ne ruwa iyo wuraren waha kuma m. Glaciers tunawa da wani ɓangare na Duniya Ocean, wanda lowers matakin daya da ɗari mita ko fiye, saboda abin da mahadi na duniya.

Saboda haka, musayar Flora faru, msl, tsakanin Asiya da kuma Arewacin Amirka, inda gada kafa maimakon na Bering mashigar. Kusa da glaciers zaunar da sanyi-m dabbobi da tsuntsaye: da Santa, m karkanda, reindeer, Musk shanu, Arctic Foxes, iyakacin duniya Partridge. Suka yada da nisa sosai zuwa kudu - zuwa Caucasus da kuma Crimea, to kudancin Turai. A cikin shakka daga glaciers har yanzu kiyaye relic dazuzzuka: Pine, spruce, fir. An kawai a nesa daga su girma deciduous gandun daji, kunsha na itatuwa irin su itacen oak, hornbeam, Maple, Beech.

Pleistocene da Holocene

Wannan shi ne zamanin bayan da kankara shekaru - bai gama da ba da cikakken rayu kashi na tarihin duniya tamu, wanda wakiltar kasa da kasa geochronological sikelin. Anthropogenic lokaci - da Holocene, aka lasafta daga karshe nahiyar glaciation (arewacin Turai). A sa'an nan da ƙasa da teku samu zamani siffar, da kuma ci gaba da kuma duk Gwargwadon yankunan na zamani Duniya. A gada na Holocene - Pleistocene epoch ne mutum na farko da aka yi da lokaci. Sanyaya fara a duniya ya ci gaba - da babban ɓangare na ce lokaci (Pleistocene) aka alama yawa colder fiye da zamani.

A arewacin yammancin duniya yana fuskantar karshe glaciation - goma sha uku sau da fifiko a farfajiya na glaciers ci gaba da ilimi ko da a lokacin interglacial lokaci. Pleistocene shuke-shuke mafi kusa ga ta zamani, amma suka sanya kadan daban musamman sã'õ'in glaciation. Bambance bambancen danginsu da jinsunan fauna saba da tsira da Arctic nau'i na rayuwa. Southern Hemisphere bai gane da irin wannan babbar juyi, don haka shuke-shuke da kuma fauna da Pleistocene ne har yanzu ba a nau'o'i da dama. Yana da ya faru a lokacin da Pleistocene juyin halittar Homo - daga na Homo habilis (archanthropines) zuwa Homo sapiens (neanthropines).

Lokacin da akwai duwatsu da kuma teku?

Na biyu lokaci na Cenozoic zamanin - Neogen kuma da wanda ya riga - da Paleogene, ciki har da Pliocene da Miocene game da miliyan biyu da suka wuce, dade game da sittin da biyar da miliyan shekaru. A Neogene kammala samuwar kusan duk dutsen jeri: da Carpathians, da Alps, da Balkans, da Caucasus, Atlas, Cordillera, da Himalayas, da sauransu. A lokaci guda bambance bambancen siffofi da kuma masu girma dabam na duk teku daruna, kamar yadda suka yi nauyi draining. A sa'an nan da garin kankara Antarctica da yawa dutsen yankunan.

Marine mazaunan (kwaro) sun zama kusa da zamani siffofin, da kuma a kan ƙasar mamaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa - beyar, Cats, dorina, hyenas, rakumin dawa, barewa. Birai halittu farfadowa don haka da cewa daga baya (Pliocene) zai bayyana Australopithecines. A cikin nahiyoyi, dabbobi masu shayarwa ya rayu baya, saboda babu mahada tsakanin su, amma a cikin Late Miocene na Eurasia da kuma Arewacin Amirka fauna har yanzu musayar, kuma a karshen da Neogene North American fauna gudun hijira zuwa Kudu. An sa'an nan kuma kafa a arewacin latitudes na tundra da taiga.

Paleozoic da Mesozoic zamanin

Mesozoic gabãta Cenozoic zamanin da ya dade na 165 shekaru miliyan, ciki har da Cretaceous, Jurassic da kuma Triassic lokaci da kansu. A wannan lokaci, m dutsen kafa a wabtansu, na Indiya, Atlantic da kuma Pacific tekuna. Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun fara dominance a kan ƙasa, kuma a cikin ruwa da kuma a cikin iska. To, akwai mutane da farko, har yanzu sosai m dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Paleozoic located a kan sikelin a gaban Mesozoic. Yana dade game da ɗari uku da hamsin shekaru miliyan. Wannan shi ne wani lokaci na aiki dutsen-gini, kuma mafi tsanani juyin halitta na duk mafi girma shuke-shuke. Kusan duk aka sani kwaro da vertabrate daban-daban da kuma azuzuwan da aka kafa a lokaci, amma dabbobi masu shayarwa, da tsuntsaye, da aka ba.

Proterozoic da Archean

Proterozoic Era dade game da biliyan biyu da shekaru. A wannan lokaci na aiki, tafiyar matakai na sedimentation. Well-ɓullo da blue-kore algae. Don ƙarin koyo game da waɗannan m sau, da damar da aka ba a gabatar.

Archaea - mafi tsoho zamanin a cikin rubuta tarihi na duniya tamu. Yana dade game da wani biliyan shekaru. A sakamakon volcanic aiki ne sosai farko rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.