A cikin tarihi na Rasha da yawa lokuta, a lokacin da wani ziyartar baƙo ninka da daukaka da kuma zama na kasa girman kai. Kuma Feofan Grek, a 'yan qasar na Rum, wata Greek ta haihuwa (Saboda haka sunan barkwanci) ya zama daya daga cikin mafi girma Rasha icon painters.
A zabi a cikin ni'imar Rasha
Mafi m, idan Theophane yanke shawarar ba halin canza rayuwarsu, maimakon isa a Italiya a Rasha a cikin suite (kamata) Lardi Cyprian, zai samu rasa daga cikin da yawa Byzantine artists. Amma a Muscovy, ya zama na farko da na m galaxy na painters. Duk da tartsatsi fitarwa, ranar haifuwa da kuma mutuwa da artist kira game da - 1340-1410 shekaru.
rashin bayanai
An sani cewa Feofan Grek, wanda biography zunubanku farin spots, an haife shi a Rum, aiki duka a Konstantinoful da makiyayarta - Chalcedon. Kamar yadda kiyaye su a cikin Feodosia (da nan Kafa) frescoes za a iya gani cewa yayin da artist aiki a cikin Genoese mallaka - Galata da Cafe. Babu wani daga cikin Byzantine aikin bai tsira, da kuma duniya daraja je masa godiya ga aikin yi a Rasha.
sabon kewaye
Ga shi nan a rayuwa da aiki yana da damar haye tare da haka da yawa mai girma mutane a lokacin - Andrei Rublev, Sergius na Radonezh, Dmitriem Donskim, Epiphanius Mai hikima (wanda wasika zuwa Archimandrite Kirill ne babban tushen sada data daga cikin manyan icon fenta) da kuma Lardi Alexis. Shi ne da wata al'umma daga ascetics, da kuma malamai yi yawa gama ɗaukakar Rasha.
Babban tushen bayanai game da Theophanes da Greek
Feofan Grek zo a Novgorod a 1370, da cewa shi ne cikakken balagagge mutumin da ya kafa artist. Ya rayu a nan domin a shekaru 30, har sai da mutuwa. Yadda ya dace da shi ne mai ban mamaki. Bisa ga shaidar guda Epiphanius Mai hikima, Feofan Grek fentin duk 40 majami'u. Letter Archimandrite Tver Ceto-St sufi da aka rubuta a 1415, bayan mutuwar master, kuma sun tsira ba a cikin rubutun, da kuma jerin na biyu da rabi na XVII karni. Akwai wasu tarihin tabbatar da gaskiya da kuma tarawa. Daya daga cikin su ya ce cewa a cikin 1378 a umurnin da boyar Vasily Danilovich "Grechanina" aka fentin da Theophanes da Transfiguration Church, located a kan cinikin waje na Veliky Novgorod.
A farkon Novgorod lokaci
Feofana Greka frescoes a kan garun sufi fara ta farko da aka ambata a cikin takardun da aikin a Rasha. Su har ma da ceto fragmentary, kasancewa a da kyau yanayin, mun tsira, kuma suna daga cikin mafi girma da Masterpieces na na da art. A mafi kyau jihar da aka fentin Dome da ganuwar cewa housed da mawaka Triniti Chapel. A adadi na "Triniti" da kuma Macarius na Misira sosai a fili a bayyane rarrabe brushwork, wanda yana da m Feofan Grek. The Dome kiyaye fasa image Pantocrator (Pantokratoras), wanda shi ne mafi m. Bugu da ƙari kuma, partially kiyaye adadi Dame. A drum (part Tallafa Dome) - Image Iliya kuma Ioana Predtechi. Kuma wannan musamman m wadannan frescoes, kamar yadda, da rashin alheri, halitta a kan wani yawan shekaru na aikin bai aka rubuce, kuma kuka yi jãyayya da wasu masu bincike. Kullum, duk da frescoes na sufi lalle ne, haƙĩƙa yi a cikin wani sabon hanyar - sauƙi, kuma m, free shanyewar jiki, launuka kiyaye, ko rowa, da babban hankali ne ya biya zuwa mutane na tsarkaka. A cikin irin rubutu Feofana Greka ji ya na musamman falsafa.
Rasha ta ikon rayar da
Amma duk da haka akwai babban nasara Dmitriya Donskogo, Golden taro hare-hare ci gaba, kona Rasha birni hallaka haikalin. Kuma waɗanda karfi Rasha cewa ta farfado, ya gina, ya zama ko da mafi kyau. A cikin zane-zane da mayar da gidajen lama halarci da kuma Feofan Grek, wanda tun 1380 ya yi aiki a Nizhny Novgorod, a cikin gaba daya hadayu a 1378 babban birnin kasar Suzdolsko-Nizhekorodskogo sarauta. Mai yiwuwa, ya iya shiga cikin zanen da mai ceto Cathedral da Gaske Shelar sufi. Kuma riga a 1392, da artist aiki a cikin ɗauka cewa Cathedral a Kolomna a request na Grand Duchess Eudoxia, matar Prince Dmitry. Daga baya da Cathedral aka gina sau da dama, da kuma frescoes aka ba a kiyaye su.
Dabba ba a kanta da kuma Moscow
Feofan Grek, wanda biography ne, Abin takaici, sau da yawa sosai dangantaka da kalmar "wai", bayan Kolomna koma Moscow. A nan, da kuma wannan ya tabbatar da Triniti Chronicle, kuma ba a sani ba harafi, ya paints ganuwar da kuma ado da uku a ɗakin. A wancan lokaci, ya riga da nasa makaranta, da almajirin da mabiya, da kuma tare da gudummawar Moscow ta shahara icon fenta Simon Black a 1395 Theophanes paints ganuwar da Church of Nativity na Virgin Mary, da ɗakin sujada na St. Li'azaru a cikin Kremlin. Duk aikin da za'ayi ta domin na wannan Grand Duchess Eudoxia. Sa'an nan, dole mu yarda cewa da coci bai tsira, data kasance yanzu Grand Kremlin Palace tsaye a wurin.
Bad luck, haunting da maye
Gane a matsayin baiwa na tsakiyar zamanai, da icon fenta Feofan Grek tare da almajiransa fara a 1399 zuwa kayan ado na babban coci, gaba daya ƙone khan na Golden taro da Tyumen sarauta - Tokhtamysh. Daga wata wasika da Epiphanius Na san cewa master fentin a kan garun Haikali Moscow Kremlin, da dukan da majami'u. Amma a cikin biyu da rabi na XVI karni Italian m Aloisio New parses da haikalin da kuma gina kai-taken sabon suke dashi.
Feofana Greka art ga mafi part wakilta frescoes, kamar yadda shi ne har ƙarshen ya kwana fentin ganuwar da coci. A 1405 ya aiki intersects da Andreya Rubleva aikin da malaminsa - "dattijo daga Gorodets", don haka kiran Moscow icon fenta Prokhor daga Gorodets. The uku fi shahara artists da ya lokaci, tare halitta babban coci coci na Basil I, cewa a cikin Gaske Shelar Cathedral.
A frescoes aka ba kiyaye - kotu coci da aka, ba shakka, gina.
mika wuyansu shaida
Abin da ya kasance? Abin da memory na kansa bar su zurriyar babban Theophanes? Gumaka. A cewar daya daga cikin data kasance versions suke dashi iconostasis na da Gaske Shelar Cathedral na Moscow Kremlin asali an rubuta for ɗauka cewa Cathedral a Kolomna. Kuma bayan da wuta a 1547 aka mayar da su cikin Kremlin. A cikin wannan babban coci da aka "Our Lady of Don", da icon tare da biography. Kamar yadda daya daga cikin mutane da yawa "taushi" gyare-gyare (wani sunan - "Joy dukkan qawar"), mai almara adadi na m taimako a cikin nasara ya lashe zaben da sojojin Grand Duke Dmitry na rundunar 'yan Golden taro a 1380. Bayan yakin Kulikov , da kuma sarkin, da kuma icon Kare samu da prefix "Don" da "Don". The sosai image na biyu hanya - a baya gefen akwai wani "ɗauka cewa na Virgin." M fitacciyar kiyaye a cikin Tretyakov Gallery. Mun za'ayi yawa gwaje-gwaje, da kuma wanda zai iya bayar da hujjar cewa marubucin ne shakka Feofan Grek. Gumaka "hušu zuwa takwas" da "Ioann Predtecha - Angel na jejin da Mahalli daga Life" ya kasance a cikin bitar da wani mai zane-zane amma ya na sirri marubucin ke jayayya akai. The ayyukan Masters makarantar sun hada da wani icon wajen manyan size, rubuta a 1403 - "Transformation".
A paucity na sada data
Lalle ne, akwai 'yan kaxan rubuce ayyukan da mai girma Masters. Amma Epiphanius Mai hikima, wanda ya san shi da kaina, ku yi abokai tare da shi, saboda haka sha'awar iyawa, versatility na talanti ɗaya, kamu na ilimi cewa bai yi imani da shaidarsa, ba zai iya zama. Spas Feofana Greka ne sau da yawa kawo sunayensu a matsayin wani misali na yadda Greek makaranta aiki tare da wani karfi Byzantine iri na zanen. Wannan fresco, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, shi ne mafi m dukkan gano a 1910 ta tsira da wani ɓaɓɓake daga bango zane-zane na Novgorod Cathedral. Shi ne daya daga cikin duniya-mashahuri Monuments na babban gine na na da Rasha. Wani kamannin Mai Ceto, wanda yana nufin ayyukan da maigida, shi ne a cikin Kremlin a kan Gaske Shelar iconostasis.
Daya daga cikin manyan "Triniti"
Daga cikin frescoes na babban coci ne wani fitacciyar duniya muhimmanci, marubucin wanda Feofan Grek. "Triniti" da aka kyau kiyaye da aka located a cikin gallery. Mashahuran mãkirci "Liyãfa Ibrahim" shi ne tushen wannan aiki, da yake ya adadi a fresco aka ba kiyaye su, "Triniti" ya cancanci a yanzu unrealized cikakken nazari. A cikin wasika zuwa Epiphanius farin yawa talanti Feofana Greka - kyautar da ya riwaito, da basira da hikima abokinsu, da m hanya da rubuce-rubuce. Bisa ga shaidar wannan mutum, Greek, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya yi talanti ɗaya ga miniaturist. Kuma shi ne aka bayyana a matsayin icon fenta, master na alfarma da frescoes da kuma dada. "Wannan wani m littafin icon-zane" - cewa sauti wannan gõdiya, a cikin na asali. Mawallafi na takaitaccen siffofi daga Psalter na Ivanu Groznomu, da kuma adana a cikin Triniti-Sergius Lavra, an yaba da Feofanu Greku. Ya, da zato, shi ne wani miniaturist "Bishara ta Fyodor Cats." Biyar dan Andrei Mares, a kai tsaye m na Romanovs, wani majiɓinci, na Feofana Greka. A littafin da ake da kyau ado. Buga ta m fantsama da baqaqen sanya na zinariya.
Feofana Greka ainihi
Kafin Theophanes yawa painters, da Sahaban, a yi ta aiki dogara ne da farko a kan tracings (siririn shaci sanya a baya tare da asali). A free brushwork Greek mamaki kuma captivated da yawa - "ya kawai da jũna a hannu da aka rubuta sa hannu," - darajanta Epiphany, ya kira ta "m miji." Ya lalle yana da wani pronounced m individuality. Kada san ainihin ranar da mutuwar wani baiwa, a wasu wuraren ma ya ce ya mutu bayan 1405. A 1415, sanannen marubucin harafi ta ambaci Greek a baya siga. Saboda haka, shi ya kasance ba da rai. Kuma binne Theophane, kuma mai yiwuwa wani wuri a Moscow. Duk wannan shi ne bakin ciki sosai, kuma ya ce kawai cewa Rasha ta ko da yaushe samu mai yawa lokatan wahala, a lokacin da abokan gaba halakar da sosai memory na mutane da cewa sanya up ta ɗaukaka.