Erythrocyte: tsarin, tsari da kuma aiki. A tsarin da mutum ja jini Kwayoyin

Erythrocytes kira hemocyte, m na haemoglobin saboda safarar oxygen zuwa tsokoki da carbon dioxide gas - ga huhu. Wannan shi ne mai sauki da tsarin tantanin halitta, da ciwon mai da muhimmanci ga rayuwar dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma sauran dabbobi. A ja jini tantanin halitta shine mafi m cell irin na jiki: game da kwata na duk Kwayoyin na jiki - shi ne ja da maikacin jini.

Janar regularities na zama erythrocyte

A ja jini cell - cell faru daga ja jam hematopoiesis. A ranar wadannan Kwayoyin samar game da miliyan 2.4, da suka shiga cikin jini, kuma za a fara aiwatar da su ayyuka. A lokacin da gwaje-gwajen, aka ƙaddara cewa ya fara tasawa ja da maikacin jini, wanda tsari ne da muhimmanci Sauki idan aka kwatanta da sauran Kwayoyin a cikin jiki, rayuwa 100-120 kwana.

All vertabrate (tare da m ware) daga numfashi oxygen zuwa tsokoki da aka ɗauke da erythrocyte haemoglobin. Akwai ware: dukkan yan cikin iyali na "fari a hankali" kifi akwai ba tare da haemoglobin, ko da yake za su iya haduwa da shi. Tun da yawan zafin jiki na yanayi oxygen dissolves da kyau a ruwa da kuma jini jini, sa'an nan shi mafi m dako wanda suke erythrocytes, wadannan kifaye ba su bukata.

Red jini sel chordates

A irin wannan cell, a matsayin ja jini cell, wani daban-daban tsarin dangane da aji na chordates. Alal misali, a cikin kifi, da tsuntsaye, da kuma halittar dabba mai kafafuwa kamar ilimin halittar jiki na wadannan Kwayoyin. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin size kawai. Form ja da maikacin jini, da girma, da size da kuma babu wani da wasu gabbansa bambanta daga sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa Kwayoyin, wanda suke a cikin sauran chordates. Akwai kuma yana da juna: ja jini Kwayoyin na dabbobi masu shayarwa ba su dauke da ba dole ba da wasu gabbansa da kuma cikin cell tsakiya. Su ne da yawa karami, amma suna da wani babban lamba surface.

Idan akai la'akari da tsarin da kwado da mutum erythrocytes, kowa siffofin za a iya gano nan da nan. Dukansu Kwayoyin dauke da haemoglobin kuma suna da hannu a oxygen kai. Amma mutum Kwayoyin ne karami, su ne m, kuma suna da biyu concave saman. Kwado erythrocytes (kazalika da tsuntsaye, kifi, da halittar dabba mai kafafuwa salaman fãce) mai siffar zobe, sunã da wani tsakiya da kuma kwayoyin halitta, wanda za a iya kunna idan ya cancanta.

A adam ja da maikacin jini, kamar ja da maikacin jini na mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa, babu nuclei da wasu gabbansa. Girman goat erythrocytes - 3-4 microns, mutum - 6,2-8,2 m. A amfiumy (caudate amphibian) cell size of 70 microns. Babu shakka, da size ne wani muhimmin factor. Human ja jini cell, ko karami, amma yana da babban surface yankin saboda da biyu concave.

The kananan size daga cikin sel kuma su manyan yawan yarda da wani gagarumin karuwa a da ikon na jini su ɗaure oxygen, wanda yanzu ba ya dogara ne a kan na waje yanayi. Kuma wadannan tsarin fasali na mutum ja jini Kwayoyin suna da muhimmanci saboda su ba ka damar jin dadi a wani mazauninsu. Yana da wani gwargwado na karbuwa ga rai a ƙasar, wanda ya fara samar ma a halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da kuma kifi (da rashin alheri, ba duk kifi a cikin tsarin juyin halitta sun iya mallaki ƙasar), da kuma cikin ganiyarsu ta ci gaba a cikin mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa.

A tsarin da mutum ja jini Kwayoyin

A tsarin da maikacin jini ya dogara da ayyuka sanya musu. An bayyana daga uku ra'ayoyi:

1. Features na waje tsarin.
2. Bangaren abun da ke ciki na erythrocyte.
3. A ciki ilimin halittar jiki.

Azahiri, a profile, shi ya dubi kamar erythrocyte biconcave faifai da kuma gaban - kamar zagaye keji. Diamita al'ada 6,2-8,2 micron.

Sau da yawa gabatar a magani Kwayoyin tare da kadan bambance-bambance a size. Lokacin da baƙin ƙarfe rashi gudu rage da kuma jini shafa gane anisocytosis (da yawa Kwayoyin tare da daban-daban masu girma dabam da kuma diamita). Lokacin da folate kasawa ko bitamin B ₁₂ da aka karu zuwa megaloblasts erythrocyte. Its size ne game 10-12 microns. A girma daga wata al'ada cell (normocytes) 76-110 cubic mita. Um.

A tsarin da ja da maikacin jini a cikin jini - ba kawai alama na wadannan Kwayoyin. Far fi muhimmanci fiye da lambar. The kananan girma da damar don su kara yawan, sabili da haka, lamba surface area. Oxygen aiki ne kama da ɗan adam ja da maikacin jini, maimakon rana. Kuma shi ne mafi saukin ba a cikin tsokoki na mutum erythrocytes.

Yawan ne gaske da muhimmanci. A musamman, ya fara tasawa a cubic millimeter ƙunshi 4.5-5.5 miliyan Kwayoyin. A awaki game da miliyan 13 ja jini Kwayoyin da milliliter, da dabbobi masu rarrafe - kawai 0.5-1.6 miliyan kifi 0,09-0,13 miliyan a kowace milliliter. A jariri ja jini cell count ne a kusa da miliyan 6 da milliliter, yayin da tsofaffi - kasa da miliyan 4 da milliliter.

aiki na erythrocytes

Red jini Kwayoyin - ja da maikacin jini, da adadin, tsari da ayyuka da kuma siffofin da wanda aka bayyana a cikin wannan littafin, yana da muhimmanci sosai ga dan Adam. Sun yi wasu sosai muhimmanci ayyuka:

• kai oxygen zuwa kyallen takarda.
• canjawa wuri carbon dioxide daga kyallen takarda zuwa ga huhu.
• daura da gubobi (glycated haemoglobin).
• da hannu a rigakafi martani (da kuma rigakafi da cutar saboda aiki oxygen jinsunan ne iya detrimental shafi a kan jini kamuwa);
• suna iya jure wasu kwayoyi.
• shiga a cikin aiwatar da hemostasis.

Ci gaba da la'akari da irin wannan cell ne a ja jini cell, da tsarin da aka gyara kamar yadda zai yiwu a aiwatar da sama ayyuka. Ta shi ne mafi hur da kuma mobile, yana da babban lamba surface for gas yadawa da kuma sinadaran halayen da haemoglobin, kuma da sauri rarrabu kuma ya cika a gefe jini hasãra. Wannan shi ne wani sosai na musamman cell maye gurbin aiki na wanda ba tukuna zai yiwu.

erythrocyte membrane

A irin wannan cell, a matsayin ja jini cell, tsarin ne mai sauqi qwarai, shi ba ya tambaya ta zuwa ga membrane. Ita 3-ply. Mass sulusi da murabba'i na membrane ne 10% na kwayar halitta. Ya kunshi 90% da furotin da kuma kawai 10% na lipids. Wannan ya sa na ja da maikacin jini ne na musamman Kwayoyin a cikin jiki, kamar yadda a kusan duk sauran membrane lipids ĩkon tasarrufi a sunadarai.

M Form erythrocytes saboda fluidity na cytoplasmic membrane iya bambanta. Waje na membrane ne a Layer surface sunadaran da ciwon babban adadin carbohydrate sharan. Wannan glycopeptides, a karkashin abin da aka located da lipid bilayer, hydrophobic iyakar ta baxini da kuma zahiri na erythrocyte. A karkashin membrane, ciki surface Layer ne sake sunadaran rasa carbohydrate sharan.

Erythrocyte tsoka mai amsa sigina gidaje

The aiki na membrane ne don tabbatar da deformability na ja jini cell, wanda wajibi ne ga capillary nassi. A wannan yanayin, da tsarin mutum ja jini Kwayoyin samar da ƙarin damar - cell hulda da electrolytic halin yanzu. Sunadaran da carbohydrate sharan - mai tsoka mai amsa sigina kwayoyin da wanda ja jini Kwayoyin ba a cikin "farauta" CD8-leukocytes da macrophages na rigakafi da tsarin.

Red jini Kwayoyin ta rabe wanzu da kuma ba su halaka su da nasu rigakafi da tsarin. Kuma a lõkacin da sakamakon mahara da tura ta cikin capillaries ko saboda inji lalacewar erythrocytes rasa wasu rabe, macrophages baƙin ciki "samu" daga su jini, kuma ya halaka.

A ciki tsarin da erythrocyte

Mene ne ja jini cell? Da tsarin ba kasa sha'awa fiye da aiki. Wannan cell kamar 'yar jakar da haemoglobin, membrane-daure, a kan wanda rabe bayyana: tari na bambantawa da kuma da dama daga jini kungiyoyin (Landsteiner, RH, Duffy da kuma a kan sauran). Amma a cikin cell ne na musamman da kuma sosai daban-daban daga wasu Kwayoyin a cikin jiki.

Da bambance-bambance ne kamar haka: ja jini Kwayoyin a mata da maza ba dauke da zuciyar, ba su da ribosomes da endoplasmic reticulum. Duk wadannan da wasu gabbansa da aka cire bayan cika da cytoplasm na cell haemoglobin. Sa'an nan da wasu gabbansa same su zama dole ba, domin ga turawa ta cikin capillaries bukatar cell tare da m girma. Saboda shi ya ƙunshi kawai a ciki haemoglobin kuma da dama karin sunadaran. Rawar da suka taka shi ba tukuna bayyana. Amma saboda rashin endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes da nuclei da shi ya zama haske da kuma m, da kuma mafi muhimmanci, za a iya sauƙi maras kyau da ruwa membrane. Kuma wadannan su ne mafi muhimmanci fasali na tsarin ja jini Kwayoyin.

Erythrocyte lifecycle

Babban siffofin ne da ja da maikacin jini a cikin gajeren rayuwarsu. Ba za su iya raba da kuma haduwa da gina jiki saboda da kau na tsakiya Kwayoyin kuma saboda tsarin lalacewar su Kwayoyin tara. A sakamakon haka, ja jini Kwayoyin halayyar tsufa. Duk da haka, da haemoglobin cewa an kama da macrophages na baƙin ciki a lokacin erythrocyte mutuwa ko da yaushe za ta aika wa samuwar sabuwar oxygen dako.

A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar of wani ja jini cell fara a cikin bargo. Wannan sashin jiki ne ba a cikin farantin material: a cikin sternum, a fuka-fuki na ilium kashi na kwanyar tushe da kuma a cikin kogo na femur. Akwai aka kafa gada code na myelopoietic jini kara Kwayoyin a ƙarƙashin rinjayar cytokines (CFU-GEMM). Yana nan rarraba hematopoietic ba m, kaddamarda da code (BFU-E). Daga shi kafa gada daga erythropoiesis, wanda aka nuna ta da wani code (CFU-E).

A wannan Kwayoyin suna kira mallaka-kafa sel ja jini jam. Shi ne m zuwa erythropoietin - wani abu hormonal yanayi, excreted da kodan. Kara adadin erythropoietin (a kan manufa tabbatacce feedback a aikin tsarin) accelerates division da kuma samar da erythrocytes.

samuwar ja jini Kwayoyin

Da jerin canje na bargo cell CFU-E ne cewa: shi ne kafa daga erythroblast, kuma daga gare ta - pronormotsit bada Yunƙurin basophilic normoblast. Furotin jari ta zama polychromatic normoblasts, normoblasts sa'an nan oxyphilic. Bayan kau na tsakiya ya zama reticulocytes. Last shiga cikin jini, kuma aka bambanta (balaga) zuwa wani al'ada ja jini cell.

Halakar ja jini Kwayoyin

Aƙalla 100-125 kwanaki na cell circulating a cikin jini, kullum daukawa oxygen da kuma cire kayayyakin da metabolism na kyallen takarda. Yana transports daure su haemoglobin carbon dioxide da ta aika da shi zuwa ga huhu, lokaci guda ciko su sunadarai na gina jiki da oxygen. Kuma zuwa ga har na rauni da kuma rasa da kwayoyin phosphatidylserine tsoka mai amsa sigina kwayoyin. Saboda wannan, da erythrocyte da dama "a karkashin ikon yinsa" na macrophage da kuma hallakar da su. A heme samu daga haemoglobin a duk narkewar sake nufi ga kira na sabon erythrocytes.