Definition na absolutism. Samuwar absolutism, da fasali

Mai littattafan tarihi bayar kamar guda definition of absolutism. Wannan tsarin siyasa fito a mafi kasashen Turai XVII-XVIII ƙarni. An halin da tafin kafa ikon da daular mulkinsu, wanda ba ya rage wani jihar ma'aikata.

Babban fasali na absolutism

A zamani definition na absolutism aka tsara a tsakiyar XIX karni. Wannan lokaci da aka maye gurbinsu da magana "haihuwa domin," wanda chronicled Faransa jihar tsarin kafin Great juyin juya halin.

Bourbon daular mulkinsu ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan ginshiƙai na absolutism. Tare da tabbatarwa daga sarauta da iko gazawar ya auku a kan Estate-wakilin jikuna (da Amurka Janar). Autocrats daina shawarci tare da wakilai, da su duba baya a kan ra'ayin jama'a a lokacin da yin muhimmanci yanke shawara.

King da kuma majalisar dokokin kasar Ingila

Hakazalika kafa absolutism a Ingila. Na da feudalism bai ba da jihar yadda ya kamata amfani da kansa albarkatun da kuma damar. Samuwar absolutism a Ingila aka wuya da rikici tare da majalisar dokokin kasar. Wannan tarin wakilai da dogon tarihi.

Stuart daular a XVII karni, kokarin rage girman muhimmancin majalisar. Saboda wannan, a 1640-1660 gg. kasar racked da yakin basasa. Da sarki ya yi wa bourgeoisie da kuma mafiya yawa daga cikin peasantry. sun manyansu (barons da sauran manyan ƙasar masu) a gefe na daular mulkinsu. Turanci Korol Karl I aka ci kuma ƙarshe da aka kashe a 1649.

Ko shekaru 50 daga baya kafa United Kingdom. A cewa tarayyar - Ingila, Scotland, Wales da kuma Ireland - majalisar da aka sa a cikin 'yan adawa ga daular mulkinsu. Tare da taimakon wani wakilin jiki na maslahar su iya kare 'yan kasuwa da talakawa da' yan ƙasa. Saboda da kwari zumunta da 'yanci ya fara mai da tattalin arziki. Birtaniya ta zama wata babbar Maritime da iko a duniya, iko mazauna warwatse a duniya.

Turanci malamai XVIII karni ya ba da definition of absolutism. Domin su, da shi ya zama wata alama mai bygone zamanin da Tudors da Stuarts, a lokacin da kowace jiha kokarin unsuccessfully maye gurbin kansa da dukan jihar.

Tabbatarwa daga sarauta da iko a Rasha

Rasha absolutism karni fara a zamanin mulkin Petra Velikogo. Duk da haka, da preconditions ga wannan sabon abu da aka gano a lokacin da mahaifinsa - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Lokacin da Romanov daular zo ikon, muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar al'umma da taka leda Boyar Duma da Zemsky Sobor. Wannan wadannan cibiyoyin sun taimaka wajen sake gina kasar bayan da matsaloli.

Alex ya qaddamar da aiwatar da kawar da tsohon tsarin. Canje-canje na nuna a cikin babban daftarin aiki na da zamanin - Majalisar Code. Godiya ga wannan sa na dokokin da lakabi na Rasha shugabanni da aka Bugu da kari na "autocrat". A wording an canza ba da hatsari. Wannan Alexis tsaya convening Zemsky Sobor. Karshe lokacin da shi ya faru a 1653, lokacin da aka yanke shawarar a kan sauyin na Rasha da kuma hagu-banki Ukraine bayan nasara yaki tare da Poland.

A czarist zamanin ya faru umarni ma'aikatun, kowanne daga abin maida hankali ne akan daya ko wani fanni na aiki na jihar. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XVII, mafi yawan wadannan cibiyoyin zo a karkashin tafin kafa iko da autocrat. Bugu da kari, Alexis ya kafa tsari na sirri al'amura. A cikin cajin su ne mafi muhimmanci harkokin jihar, kazalika da rasit na ro. A 1682 shi aka sauya shãfe parochialism tsarin inda cikin manyan mukamai a kasar da aka rarraba a tsakanin manya bisa ga na zuwa wani daraja iyali. Yanzu da manufa shi ne kai tsaye dogara a kan nufin sarki.

A gwagwarmayar da coci da kuma jihar

Policy absolutism biyã Alexis, jẽ a kan karfi da juriya da Orthodox Church, wanda ya so ya shiga tsakani a cikin harkokin jihar. A babban abokin hamayyarsa na autocrat ya zama sarki Nikon. Ya samarwa sa coci zaman kanta da zartarwa, kazalika da wasu daga cikin manyan kasashen wakilta shi. Nikon jãyayya da su harka da cewa da sarki, ya ce, ya Allah wakilin a duniya.

A apogee na ikon zama sarki da samun da lakabi na "babban m". A gaskiya, shi yana sanya shi a kan wani daidai gabãtarwar tare da sarki. Duk da haka, Nikon ta rabo ya short-rayu. A 1667, Majalisar Ikilisiyar kwace shi da ya daraja da kuma aika zuwa zaman talala. Tun da babu wanda zai iya kalubalantar ikon da autocrat.

Bitrus I, kuma autocracy

Lokacin da Bitrus da Great ta dan Alexei ikon da monarch aka kara karfafa. Tsohon boyar iyalai da aka azabtar bayan taron, a lokacin da Moscow aristocracy kokarin kifar da sarki don su zauna a kan gadon sarautar ya mazan da 'yar'uwa Sophia. A lokaci guda saboda barkewar yaki a Arewacin Baltic Sea, Bitrus ya fara babban garambawul da yake rufe dukkan fannoni na jihar.

Domin sanya su ya fi dacewa autocrat cikakken mayar da hankali iko a hannunsa. Ya kafa hukumar, ya gabatar da zakara daga karce ya halitta manyan masana'antu a cikin Urals, ya sanya Rasha mafi Turai kasar. Duk wadannan canje-canje zai zama ma m ga shi, idan ya yi gāba da ra'ayin mazan jiya boyars. A aristocrats aka sa a wurin da kuma a lokacin juya a cikin talakawa jami'an yi karamin taimako ga nasarar Rasha ta waje da kuma na cikin gida da manufofin. Sarkin yaki da ra'ayin mazan jiya Elite wani lokacin samu anecdotal tsari - wanda shi ne kawai episode na yankan da gemunsu da kuma dakatar da tsohon dasu!

Bitrus ya zo a absolutism, saboda wannan tsarin ba shi da zama dole dalĩli ga m gyara daga cikin kasar. Ya kuma yi coci a ɓangare na jihar inji ta kafa majalisar Krista na Patriarchate da kuma warware, haka hana limaman wata damar gabatar da kanta a matsayin madadin tushen ikon a Rasha.

Catherine II ikon

A epoch lokacin absolutism a Turai kai da ganiya, lissafta ga biyu da rabi na XVIII karni. A Rasha, a cikin wannan lokaci da dokoki Ekaterina 2. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, lokacin da St. Petersburg fada juyin mulki ne ya faru a kai a kai, ta ya iya rinjayi tawaye Elite da kuma zama cikin tafin kafa mulkin kasar.

Features na absolutism a Rasha ta'allaka ne da cewa gwamnatin dõgara a kan mafi gaskiya aji - da nobility. Wannan gatan sashen dutsen jama'a a kan mulkin Catherine samu Haruffa Patent. A cikin daftarin aiki, duk da hakkin da suke da tsada da aka tabbatar. Bugu da kari, cikin wakilan sun kebe daga aikin soja. Da farko, da manyansu da kuma samu title na ƙasar ne ga shekaru ciyar a cikin sojojin. Yanzu wannan mulkin a baya.

A manyansu ba su tsoma baki a cikin harkokin siyasa ajanda shibtarsu da kursiyin, amma sun kasance ko da yaushe ya m idan akwai hadari. Daya daga wadannan barazana ne tawaye karkashin jagorancin Emelyana Pugacheva a 1773-1775 biennium. Haddin shari'a na manoma, ya nuna bukatar sake fasalin, ciki har da canje-canje alaka serfdom.

haskaka absolutism

Shekaru na zamanin Catherine II na (1762-1796) ya faru ko da a lokacin da zargin da bourgeoisie a Turai. Waɗannan su ne mutanen da suka samu nasara a jari hujja fage. 'Yan kasuwa bukaci sake fasalin da kuma yancin walwala. Musamman m tashin hankali bayyana a Faransa. Bourbon daular mulkinsu, kazalika da Rasha Empire, an tsibirin absolutism, inda dukkan muhimmanci yanke shawara aka dauka kawai m.

A lokaci guda, Faransa ya da haifuwa daga cikin manyan gabascin da masana falsafa kamar Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, da dai sauransu ... Wadannan marubuta da kuma jawabai sun zama cikin wadanda suka kafa na ideas na haske. Suna dogara ne a kan freethinking da rationalism. A Turai, liberalism zama gaye. Game da ra'ayin yancin] an kuma san Ekaterina 2. By haihuwa, ta kasance a Jamus, don haka ya kusanta zuwa Turai fiye da duk da magabata a kan Rasha kursiyin. Daga baya, hade da masu sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya ideas na Catherine aka kira "haskaka absolutism."

ƙoƙari domin a gyara

A mafi muhimmanci mataki wajen canza Empress Rasha ya kafa na dokoki Hukumar. Kasance wani ɓangare na ta jami'an da kuma lauyoyi da wajen samar da wani daftarin gyara daga cikin gida dokokin, kafuwar wanda har yanzu patriarchal "Conciliar code" 1648. Aikin na hukumar sa manya, wanda ya ga wata barazana ga canza nasu alheri. Catherine bai yi kuskure ya je rikici da gonaki. Majalisar Dokokin Hukumar kammala ta aiki, ba tare da cimma wani ainihin canje-canje.

Pugachev tawaye a na 1773-1775. ba kadan tsoratar da Catherine. Bayan da ya ci a lokacin da dauki, kuma da kalmar "liberalism" ya zama wani dangantawa ga wata yaudara a kan karaga. A Unlimited ikon da monarch zauna da dade dukan XIX karni. Yana da aka soke bayan da 1905 da juyin juya halin, lokacin da analogue na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da kuma majalisar dokokin kasar ya bayyana a Rasha.

Tsohon da sabon tsari

Conservative absolutism a Turai da aka ƙi da yawa a cikin wannan hanya kamar yadda aka zalunta manoma na Rasha larduna, da goyan bayan Emelyana Pugacheva. A Faransa, gwamnatin da ya hana dominance na bourgeoisie ci gaba. A impoverishment na yankunan karkara yawan jama'a da kuma lokaci-lokaci rikicen tattalin arziki sun ma ba ya kawo Bourbons shahararsa.

A 1789 ya barke Faransa juyin juya halin. A sa'an nan manyan mukaman m mujallu, da kuma satirists aka bai wa mafi tsoro da kuma m definition of absolutism. Policy kira da haihuwa domin ya kawo duk na isar na kasar - daga talauci na peasantry da shan kashi a yakin da ineffectiveness daga cikin sojojin. A rikicin na autocratic iko.

The French Revolution

Farko na juyin juya halin da aka kama da tayar da kayar baya 'yan ƙasa na Paris ta shahara Bastille kurkuku. Ba da da ewa Korol Lyudovik XVI amince da yin sulhu akai da kuma zama wani tsarin mulki monarch, wanda iko an iyakance ga wakilin jikinsu. Duk da haka, m ya manufofin sun kai ga cewa monarch yanke shawarar gudu zuwa cikin aminci royalists. King da aka kama a kan iyaka da kuma kawo fitina, wanda yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Wannan shi ne kama da rabo daga Louis karshen wani monarch, kokarin ci gaba da haihuwa domin - Charles na Ingila.

Faransa juyin juya halin dade shekaru da dama, suka kuma ƙare a 1799, lokacin da bayan juyin mulkin ya zo da iko, wani m kwamandan Napoleon Bonaparte. Ko kafin cewa, kasashen Turai a wadda absolutism ya tushen da jihar tsarin, sun ayyana yaki kan Paris. Daga cikin su ya Rasha. Napoleon ci duk coalitions, kuma ko da ya fara sa baki a Turai. A ƙarshe, ya aka ci, da Babban dalilin da ya ta gaza a cikin War of 1812.

A karshen absolutism

Da zuwan zaman lafiya a Turai nasara dauki. A jihohi da dama don sake tsayar absolutism. A takaice dai jerin wadannan kasashe sun hada da Rasha, Austria-Hungary, Prussia. A lokacin XIX karni, akwai da dama yunkurin al'umma su yi tsayayya da autocratic iko. Mafi mashahuri ne kwanon rufi-Turai juyin juya halin na 1848, a lokacin da wasu kasashen tafi zuwa ga kundin tsarin asasshe. Duk da haka absolutism karshe sunk zuwa abu wulakantacce bayan yakin duniya na, a lokacin da, an halaka su da kusan dukkanin nahiyar dauloli (Rasha, Austria, Jamus da kuma Ottoman).

Dismantling na tsohon tsarin ya haifar da bunqasar hakkokin yan-adam da abubuwan da yanci - addini, zabe, da ikon mallakar, da dai sauransu A Company ya samu sabon levers na gwamnati, mafi muhimmanci daga abin da yake da zaben ... Yau a shafin na tsohon cikakkar daular mulkinsu ne al'umma-jihohin da Republican a tsarin siyasa.