Brief biography Ivana Fedorova - majagaba, domin manya da yara rubuta

Yau, mun zama sananne wallafe - littattafai, mujallu, jaridu. Su ne m, an yadu samuwa, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa hali ga su ne sau da yawa m, kuma m. Kuma da zarar littafin da aka fi tsada fiye da zinariya, da suka mallakar kawai arziki sosai. Halittar guda littafin ya ciyar a shekaru masu yawa, wani lokacin shekarun da suka gabata. Shi ne mai wuya da kuma painstaking manual aiki, da yancin zama da magatakarda aka dauke da gata, wanda za a iya samu ba kowa da kowa.

A Turai, abubuwa fara canza a tsakiyar 15th karni, a lokacin da Jamus Johann Gutenberg ƙirƙira bugu latsa. A Rasha, na farko bugu tura a kan umarni Ioanna Groznogo a 1563 gina Ivan Fedorov. Abin da muka sani game da shi a yau? Brief biography Ivana Fedorova - majagaba, ga yara da kuma manya zai kasance da ban sha'awa sosai. Yana da aka gabatar a kasa.

asalin

Ga wasu masana tarihi sani ba da kwanan wata da kuma wurin haihuwa Ivana Fedorova, sassalarsa. An yi imani da cewa, an haife shi a Moscow, wani wuri tsakanin shekaru 1510 da kuma 1530, mallakar tsohon Belarushiyanci Ragozina. Mutane da yawa masu bincike majagaba rayuwa nace cewa ya aka haife shi a 1510 a cikin Kaluga lardin.

fara biography

An sani cewa Ivan Fedorov karatu a Jami'ar Cracow daga 1529 zuwa 1532, da kuma samu wani digiri na farko. Wannan rikodin an kiyaye su a cikin University archives. Zai yiwu shi ne a nan cewa ya fara ji game da typography.

Back a cikin babban birnin kasar, saurayin ya koma Church of St. Nicholas Gostunskii. Ilimi, da-karanta, da kyau-bred, ya zo a karkashin taimaka na Lardi Macarius. A karshen kasance kusa Tsar Ivan da Munin, kuma shi ne m da cewa shi ne ya ke nuna wa amince da halittar farko bugu tura a Rasha m saurayi.

A yi na farko Rasha bugu gidan

Brief biography Ivana Fedorova - majagaba, ga yara da kuma manya bayyana wani muhimmin al'amari. A 1550, rayuwa Fedorov sanya wani kaifi nuna. By domin na Ioanna Groznogo ya aka umurce ka shirya bugu. Kaddamar da wani m aiki a kan na'urar da farko Rasha bugu. M mataimakansa majagaba a wuya aiki ya zama Peter Mstislavets da Marusha Nerefev. The ayyukan da aka kammala kawai a 1563.

"Manzo" da "Breviary"

Afrilu 17, 1563 master fara ƙirƙirar farko littafin "The Manzo." Yana da aka gama kusan shekara. The hukuma ranar da ta buga da aka dauke su Maris 1, 1564.

Duk wani taƙaitaccen biography na Ivan Fedorov - majagaba, domin yara ko manya rubuta, tabbata a ambaci wannan littafin, amma ya kuskure irin wannan ban sha'awa facts:

• littafin da 268 zanen gado, na da 262 ƙidayawa ba.
• Yana da aka saki a cikin Tsohon Slavonic harshe.
• bugu amfani da ja da baki, tare da ja buga sunan surori;
• harafin farko a farkon kowane sabon babi da aka kõma da hannu da artists.
• Kowane babi an ƙawãce kyau na fure ado aikin hannu.
• total wurare dabam dabam na "Manzo" ya 1,000 kofe, na abin da kawai 47 tsira.

A 1565, biyu bugu da aka fito da wani biyu littafin - "Breviary." Na 345 kofe zuwa sun tsira kawai 7.

jirgin

Next, a takaice dai biography na Ivan Fedorov - majagaba, ga yara da kuma manya rubuta, ya gaya mana cewa dole ne ya gudu daga Moscow. Akwai dalilai da dama:

• to hidimar majagaba yi yaƙi mafi hasken, don kada abin da zai sa karatu da rubutu littafin bugu m ga kowa mutane da kuma ilimi da mutane ne fiye da wuya a yi aiki.
• Sun kasance sũ ne m da malaman Attaura, a gidajen ibada, wanda a zahiri rasa abinci.
• limaman sanar diabolical sabuwar dabara na bugu gidan.

Tura zuwa gudun hijira ya sa wuta a 1566, wanda a cikin sa na farko printer Ivan Fedorov rasa kusan dukkan dũkiyarku ba. Ya tafi zuwa Lithuania.

Lithuanian lokaci

Grand Duchy na Lithuania aka yi marhabin buga maƙeran zinariya. A farko printer Ivan Fyodorov amfani Hetman Chodkiewicz ya gina wani sabon bugu shuka a Zabludovo. A 1568-1569 gg. Sai aka buga "didactic bishara", da kuma a 1570 ga saki da "Psalter da chasoslovtsem".

Ga wasu unknown dalilin Chodkiewicz ba zato ba tsammani yanke kudade domin bugu, Fedorov ya gabatar da wani karamin kauye da kuma rika tafiyar da noma. Ivan Fedorov - majagaba, a takaice biography ga yara da kuma manya wanda aka bayyana a cikin labarin, ya kasance da aminci ga hanyar. Ya tattara dũkiyõyinsu da tare da iyali (ka sani, cewa ya yi da mata da yara) mayar da su cikin gari.

Aiki a Lviv

The uku lokaci, na farko printer Ivan Fyodorov fara rayuwa, sãbuwa. Ya shirya wani bugu gidan, inda a 1574 ya buga 2 littattafai:

• "Manzo" tare da tarawa da kuma gyare-gyare.
• "Share fage".

A karshen - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da littattafai a duniya. Kafin mu lokacin da ya isa kawai 1 misali na da shi. Yau, an adana a cikin Harvard library.

Dabba ba a kanta da kuma faɗuwar rana

A 1575, Fedorov samu wani gayyatar daga daya daga cikin arziki manya - Konstantina Ostrozhskogo, da bugu tura a kurkuku a Volyn. Majagaba yarda da tayin da koma sake zuwa wani sabon wuri. Akwai kudi bafadan ya shirya bugu latsa.

Ostrog ya fi hayayyafa lokaci a cikin rãyuwar Ivan Fedorov. Tare da 1578 da kuma 1581 shekaru. ya saki 6 littattafai.

A 1582, da master buga lokuta ya kõma zuwa ga iyali a Lvov, inda ya rasu a talauci a 1583. Aka binne shi a cikin sufi na St. Onufrievskom. Wannan ƙare a takaice dai biography na Ivan Fedorov - majagaba, ga yara da kuma manya rubuta.