A farko littattafai. A farko Rasha buga littafin. A farko buga littafin

A labarin na littafin ne sosai m. Yana duk fara mayar da ƙasar Bagadaza game da shekaru dubu biyar da suka wuce. A farko littafin da kadan a na kowa tare da zamani samfurori. Waɗannan su ne lãka Allunan a kan abin da aka yi amfani da Kaldiyawa cuneiform ãyõyi amfani da wasa da sandunansu. Mafi yawan wadannan records suka m a cikin yanayi, amma archeologists sun yi sa'a ya sami bayanin muhimmanci abubuwan tarihin da, myths, Legends. Kakanninmu rubuta zuwa kowane irin farantin biyu ko sau uku, sauƙi erasing baya rubũtacce. A farko littattafai a Babila suka da dama, da kuma wani lokacin daruruwan shafukan na asali lãka, sanya a cikin wani katako, akwatin, suka bauta wa a old days ɗaurinSa.

Na musamman sha'awa ne mai babbar library na Sarkin Assuriya Ashurbanipal. Yana wani wuri don adana dubban littattafai da kuma bayani a kan daban-daban sassa. Abin baƙin ciki, don sun tsira ba duk musamman kayayyakin gargajiya.

Masar bidi'a

A halin yanzu yana da wuya a sami wani wanda ya san babu abin da game da al'adu na zamanin d Misira. Yawancin mu tuna nan da nan ya zo Papyrus - takarda samfur. Ya aka girma a cikin manyan lambobi tare da gaba daga cikin manyan Nile. Mai tushe na shuke-shuke da aka yanka a cikin tube, bushe da gam tare. Bayan duk wadannan jan Papyrus hankali guga duwatsu ba shi smoothness.

Hakika, da tawada sa'an nan, babu wanda ya san dalilin da ya sa na farko rubuce-rubucen da aka halitta ta amfani da kayan lambu inks. Irin alkalami aiki a matsayin wani siririn shida. Ancient Masarawa dangana atomatik rakoda alkalami na farko da sabuwar dabara. Sana'a fara zuba fenti a cikin wani m Reed, samar da wani m rafi na tawada samfur.

Domin saukaka, Papyrus littafin daya ƙarshen tef aka haɗe zuwa wani itace, kuma shi aka rauni yi da kanta. Itace ko fata lokuta da aka lauye.

Misira ba shi kadai ...

Babu shakka, littafin da aka halitta ba kawai a kasar na Fir'auna. Indiyawan, misali, da farko littattafai tattara daga dabino ganye, wanda ake sa'an nan sewn daidai da saka a cikin dauri na itace. Abin baƙin ciki, saboda yawa da gobara da kuma bala'o'i, guda kwafin daga waɗanda sau bai tsira.

Turawa bar lĩmãminsu, a cikin takarda. Wannan takarda gabatar da wani samfur na wani musamman bi da fata. The Sin dabara na takarda ka rubuta a kan faranti da aka yi da bamboo stalks. A cewar daya daga cikin jarrabawa (wanda aka partially tabbatar), mazauna Celestial janye haruffa ta amfani da kullin daura a wani musamman hanya. Duk da haka, wannan version yana da yawa unspecified shaida, don haka la'akari da shi plausible, za mu iya ba tukuna.

Mai kafofin da'awar cewa takarda mai yi - Cai Lun - zauna a Japan game da ɗari biyar shekara BC. Kan gaba 'yan ƙarni girke-girke na wanda aka yi da takarda, yana mai tsananin sirri. Domin ta tonawa barazanar azãba abar ƙyãma.

Su fice a wannan yanayin da kuma Larabawa: wakilai daga mutane, daga farko zuwa kafa su takarda alamu, reminiscent daga cikin na zamani version. Ainihin abu da aka wanke ulu. Lokacin da gluing mutum zanen gado samu dogon Rolls (har zuwa hamsin mita).

Bayan tallafi na Kristanci da kuma cikin halittar da Slavic Rubutacciyar Harshe a Rasha, kuma, ya gani farko hannunka-rubuce littattafai.

A miƙa mulki ga na'ura

Yana ƙirƙira kananan bugu Latsa sau biyu a kasar Sin, kuma a Turai a tsakiyar zamanai. Masana tarihi har yanzu ba kai a yarjejeniya kan yadda da kuma lokacin da aka buga na farko buga littafin. A cewar wasu rahotanni, da Sin, Mun halitta inventive na'ura a 581 BC. A cewar wasu kafofin, shi ne tsakanin 936 th da 993 th shekara. A wannan yanayin, da farko buga littafin, halitta kwanan wata, wanda aka rubuce, da aka buga a cikin 868. A wani daidai kwafin na Diamond Sutra.Wani Buddha Xylographic.

Turawa da ubansu bugu. Wannan Johann Guttenberg. Shi ne wanda ya kafa na bugu latsa. Bugu da kari, Guttenberg ƙirƙira bugun tafireta (muhimmi da ya faru a 1440). A farko buga littafin shi ne har yanzu sosai kama da handwritten, da dama kwafi, richly ado murfin kuma wani stylized font. Da farko da aka buga littattafai su tsada sosai, saboda don ƙirƙirar su kasance kamar wuya kamar yadda handwritten.

The biyu da rabi na karni na sha biyar da aka alama ta baza bugu a Turai. Saboda haka, a 1465, an kafa wani taro a Italiya. A 1468, na farko bugu gidan da aka kafa a Switzerland, da kuma a 1470 - a Faransa. Bayan shekaru uku - a Poland, Hungary da kuma Belgium, bayan shekaru uku - a UK da Jamhuriyar Czech. a Sweden, da kuma a cikin shekaru hudu - - a Portugal bugu bita a Denmark da Austria, a 1483 shi da aka bude a 1482. A kafa wata bugu kasuwar, kuma tare da shi gasar wallafa a can domin biyu da suka gabata.

Mafi shahara bugu gidan a lokacin mallakar Aldus Manutius - sanannen humanist daga Venice. A karkashin ya alamar kasuwanci ayyukan da aka buga irin wannan gagarumar mawallafa kamar yadda Aristotil, Herodotus, Plato, Plutarch, Demosthenes da Thucydides.

Bisa ga kudin littattafai rage matsayin inganta bugu tsari. Wannan ma da gudummawar da taro rarraba da takarda.

A farko littafi

David da iya karawa - lissafi VI karni - a karon farko wani tutorial a wadda ilmin lissafi dokoki da dabarbari aka rubuta. A halin yanzu, akwai na musamman da littafin a Matenadaran (ajẽwa na rubutun d¯a a Yerevan).

Ana zargin birchbark takardun

A farko littafin a Rasha wani bonded Birch takardar. Yana da haka ne a cikin XI-XV ƙarni, kakanninmu aka musayar bayanai a rubuce. Archaeologists farko m isa ganin Birch haushi a 1951 a Novgorod. AV Artsiholovsky gangarawa cewa shahara archaeological balaguro.

Haruffa tõno a kan haushi, ta amfani da kaifi karfe ko kashi Wand (pisalom). Mai samu birchbark takardun ne masu zaman kansu da haruffa. A cikin wadannan haruffa mutane shafi tattalin arziki da kuma batutuwa na cikin gida, ba umarnin, ya bayyana rikici. Wasu daga cikin su dauke da m matani baƙauye boren da mulkin gargajiya mamayar, lists na aikinsu, da labarai daga siyasa, da nufin.

Daga shekarar 1951 zuwa shekarar 1981, shekarar da shi da aka samu game da ɗari shida da haruffa (mafi - a Novgorod, mahara lokutta - a Vitebsk, Smolensk, Pskov da Staraya Russa).

Aiki ta zamani artists

rubutun mai taken "versification" a cikin Novosibirsk Institute of Tarihi. Ta aka mika su ga tarihi Natalia Zolnikova. Dalili na rubutum zama silky haushi sosai lafiya sana'a. Duk da haka, wannan ba wani tsoho da mutum ke sanya, da kuma na zamani aiki. Littafi halitta mazaunan Old mu'mini shiri, located a kan Lower Yenisei. Sai dai itace cewa a cikin kwanaki haushi kuma an yi amfani da matsayin takarda.

Rubutum a Rasha

A farko Rasha littafin, ya fito daga alkalami na zamanin d Slavs, aka kira "Glagolitic Kiev leaflets." An jãyayya da cewa an halicce game da shekara dubu da suka wuce. A mafi tsufa samu Rasha rubutum littafin - "Ostrom Linjila" - Dates baya ga goma sha ɗaya karni.

Zuwan bugu shagunan

A farko buga littattafai fara bayyana a Rasha bayan 1522 a cikin wannan shekara ya fara aiki a buga gidan, located in Vilnius. A Mafarin ta samu ya Frantsisk Skorina - almara Belarushiyanci enlightener. Kafin cewa, ya riga ya kwarewa a cikin typography: ya buga na "Zabura" na shida a watan Agusta 1517. Sai ya zama a Prague, inda a wancan lokacin mai girma shugaban rayu.

A farko Rasha buga littafin

A farko kwanan rana edition, wadda aka saki a Rasha, da ake kira "The Manzo." Wannan coci littafin, wanda aka saki a cikin babban birnin kasar a 1564. Its mahaliccin - Ivan Fedorov. Bugu da kari, kan aiwatar da hannu Peter Mstislavets (yayin da ya kasance wani dalibi na Fedorov). Yana da wadannan mutane ne har abada a cikin tarihi kamar yadda mahaliccin farko Rasha buga littafin. Musamman edition kunshi 268 zanen gado aunawa 21h14 cm Circulation a lokacin da aka mai ban sha'awa -. A kadan kasa da dubu biyu kofe. A halin yanzu samu 61 littafi.

A farko karatu na wani littafi - abin da ta kasance?

A farko Rasha buga littafin, godiya ga wanda kakanninmu ƙware karanta da kuma rubuce-rubuce, kuma, aka saki master Ivanom Fedorovym. Yana faru fiye da shekaru hudu da suka wuce. Yana dauke da ainihin dokoki na nahawu, kazalika da kula Jagora, mai hikima faxin da kuma koyarwarsa.

Ana zargin share fage

A littafin daga wanda ya yiwu don samun ilmi ba, sun fi girmamawa a Rasha. Wadannan, ba shakka, a hada, da kuma primers. Sun kasance masu gyara na Moscow bugu kotu. A farko yara littafin da aka buga a 1634. Its sunan - "share fage Slavonic harshe, cewa shi ne ya ce farkon detem koyarwar hotyashe koyar da karatu da Littãfi." Author na aikin - Basil Burtsev-Protopopov.

Halittar farko Rasha kwatanta share fage tsunduma Carion Istomin - m, malama, kuma mawãƙi ne. Ya aikata su mafi kyau: kowane harafi aka tare da wani hoto na magana, da suka fara da wannan wasika. A littafin ya yale mu mu yi nazarin Yaren mutanen Poland, Latin, da Girkanci haruffa, kuma akwai kusan babu matani a kan addini jigogi a shi. The sabon abu shi ne cewa cikin littafin ne aka yi nufi ga yara na biyu mata da maza ( "bayin" da "yarinyar").

Ana zargin bookplates

A farko Rasha buga littafin tare da wani musamman alama ce da ke nuna membobinsu na wani library, ga hasken a cikin karni na sha takwas. A lokacin, da most littafin tarin iya fariya abõkan tarayya na Bitrus, mai girma, ciki har da Bruce J. kuma D. Golitsyn. All buga kofe na tarin qawata miniatures hatimi da font zane.

zažužžukan mini

Sunan na farko buga littafin sized 6.5 da 7.5 centimeters - "The art na zama funny a tattaunawar." Musamman kwafin da aka buga a 1788. A 1885 Krylov labari marubucin da aka buga a wani littafi da girman daidaitaccen kudin sufurin hatimi. Don saita lafiya buga a karkashin sunan Diamond an zabe. Kada ka san abin da sunan farko buga littafin na dada size, da aka buga a cikin Tarayyar Soviet? A da kundin tsarin mulki na RSFSR. Sai aka buga a 1921 a Kineshma. Littafi size - uku da rabi zuwa biyar santimita.

A halin yanzu, akwai fiye da dari dada littattafai. Babbar tarin - works by Pushkin - shi hamsin littattafai. DACEWA rikodin ne ayoyin girma haka da girma na 0,064 cubic mita. mm. Its mahaliccin - mutãne artist M. Maslyuk daga Zhmerinka (Vinnitsa yankin, Ukraine.).

giant samfurori

Babbar tsoho littafi ne mai rubutun a Armenian taken "Jawabai Mushskogo sufi." Yana halitta a cikin past shekaru biyu - daga 1200 har zuwa 1202-th. Littafi nauyi ne ashirin da bakwai da rabi kilo. Girman ne kuma m - 55.5 to 70,5 cm musamman misali kunshi shida biyu zanen gado, kowanne daga abin da ya wuce wata daya da haihuwa maraƙi fata .. A 1204 rubutun aka sace ta Seljuks. fiye da dubu huɗu Mafarki aka tattara domin fansa da yawa mazauna Armenian kauyuka (lura: daya drachma daidai 4,65 g na azurfa). Fiye da bakwai da ƙarni, rubutun da aka a cikin sufi garin Mush, a Yammacin Armenia. A 1915 ta yi gudun hijira zuwa vault Matenadaran a Yerevan. Haka ya faru saboda Turkish kisan kiyashi, saboda abin da manual aiki musamman sakamakon iya kawai za a halakar.

dutse Littafi Mai Tsarki

Littafi a cikin wani sabon abu yi za a iya gani a lokacin ziyarar Jihar Museum of Art, located in Jojiya. Da zarar kan wani lokaci da master sassaka ashirin scenes daga New kuma Tsohon Alkawari zuwa slabs na dutse. Wannan shi ne kawai misali. The mutum ke sanya aka samu a cikin Abkhazian mai tsayi kauyen Tsebelda.

yanzu matsayi

A cikin nineties karni na ashirin da a cikin littafin zahiri lura tsauri canji. Wannan shi ne saboda faruwa a cikin Rasha zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki canje-canje. Saboda haka, bugu masana'antu da aka daya daga cikin na farko rassan, wanda ya fara da miƙa mulki ga wata kasuwar tattalin arzikin. A littafin da aka ɗauke ta a matsayin abu na harkokin kasuwanci da aiki. Shi ya sa ya haka muhimmanci manufofin da jihar kariyar a fagen al'adu da kuma littafin kasuwanci kamar yadda yake a bijiro da batun kafa.

A cikin shekarun 1990s, da littafin da kuma rarraba littattafai da aka mai riba kasuwanci. A bayani ne mai sauki: kasar tana fuskantar wani m karancin irin wannan kaya da. Duk da haka, wannan bai dade ba. Bayan game da shekaru biyar, da kasuwar da aka cikakken. Buyers fara zabi littattafai da tsananin kulawa. Kamar yadda gasar ta zama da samun muhimmiyar rawa a yi wasa halaye kamar samfurin inganci da suna na masana'antun da kuma rabawa. A kayyade lokaci ne halin da ci gaban da rabo daga fassara sunayen sarauta. Saboda haka, a shekarar 1993 waje mawallafa na littafin ne kusan hamsin bisa dari na duka wallafe-wallafe da kayayyakin.

Yau akwai inconstancy masu karatu 'amfane shi. Idan a cikin Soviet lokaci, ayyukan da daya marubucin kasance m na dogon lokaci, shi ne a yanzu a jerin mafi kyau-sayarwa aka canza a breakneck gudu. Wannan gudummawar ta shahara, to full flower bambancin da ra'ayin, bukatu da kuma fifiko na 'yan kasa.