Bohr ta postulates

Niels Bohr - sanannen Danish masanin kimiyya ne da farko ta tabbatr da incompatibility na gargajiya dokokin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma kwayoyin halitta. A wannan batun, sai ya gabatar da biyu da zaton mu, da aka sani a yau kamar yadda jimla Bohr postulates. Sun dogara a kan wani model na zarra, da zarar samarwa E. Rutherford, bisa ga abin da daya (zarra) yana da wani tsarin kama da tsarin da sararin samaniya: electrons kwayoyin halitta ne a ci gaba da tashin game da tsayayyen barbashi - da tsakiya. A karo na farko, wannan model aka dauke manufa da kuma cikakken bayyana da kuma bayyana duk gwaje-gwajen da alaka da zarra. Duk da haka, daga baya da shi ya bayyana cewa amsar wannan tambaya game da gaskiyar kasancewar kwayoyin zarra da ta zaman lafiya, wannan tsarin shi ne ba iya.

A cewar planetary model, da motsi na electrons a kusa da keken core dole ne dole a tare da watsi da electromagnetic taguwar ruwa wanda mita ne daidaita da rotational mita na barnatar da cajin abubuwa a kusa da cibiyar. A sakamakon - na'urar samar da makamashi kamata ci gaba da rage, wanda a bi take kaiwa zuwa ta fi girma janye zuwa tsakiya. Duk da haka, kamar yadda kwarewa nuna, wannan ba faruwa. Atom ne kullum barga tsarin da suka tsira daga dogon lokaci ba tare da daukan hotuna zuwa waje tsoma. Radiation zarra za a iya ambata mai hankali, Ina nufin intermittent, wanda, ba shakka, na nuna gaskiyar na periodicity na binciken, maimakon ta dawwamar. A wasu kalmomin, da masu bincike ƙarasa da cewa yin amfani da na gargajiya dokokin kimiyyar lissafi domin bayyana kasancewar electrons ne ba zai yiwu ba.

Kawai, a 1913, ya gabatar da Bohr zato yarda ka bayyana wani misali na wani hydrogen zarra ka'idodinta radiation makamashi electrons.

A karshe sanya ta Bohr, aka empirically tabbatar da masana kimiyya da dama daga cikin lokaci. A kan tushen da ta zaton shi an halitta a dayan ka'idar, wanda daga baya ya zama wani musamman idan akwai jimla makanikai. Bohr ta postulates ne kamar haka:

1. nukiliya tsarin haskake makamashi, conventionally kira En, yayin da kawai a jimla jihohi. In ba haka ba (a lokacin da a wani kwari jihar zarra), makamashi ne ba saki.

A nan, da kwari jihar nufin da motsi na electrons a kan takamaiman falakinsu. Ko da yake ainihin kasancewa na kara motsi, da electromagnetic taguwar ruwa ba, wanda ake jefarwa, kawai zarra yana da jimla makamashi darajar.

2. Na biyu hakan ba, sau da yawa da aka sani da mulki na mitoci na nuni da cewa gwamnatin rikon kwarya zarra daga daya jiha zuwa wani (yawanci a da keken jimla) tare da saki ko sha da makamashi. Wannan tsari ne da za'ayi a cikin kananan rabo - kamfani mai suna Quanta. Da darajar yayi dace da makamashi bambanci tsakanin jihohin tsakanin wanda mika mulki a zahiri faruwa. Na biyu hakan damar yin lissafi gwaji dabi'u na san makamashi na tsit jihohin da radiation mita na hydrogen.

Bohr ta postulates suna da amfani ga bayanin sha na haske da kuma watsi da hydrogen barbashi. A gaskiya, shi ne kamar haka ya tabbatar da zarar sun gudanar da binciken Bohr kansa. Bohr ta postulates sun yarda da zamani masana kimiyya ya yi a ka'idar da hydrogen bakan. Abin lura shi ne cewa a gwada yawa ka'idar bakan gaba kashi - helium - tabbatar da kusan ba zai yiwu ba.

Duk da haka, Bohr ta postulates - kimiyyar lissafi, wanda sanya wani karfi bulo a cikin kafuwar jimla da ka'idar don ta wannan rana ne mafi muhimmanci lura da karshe. A musamman, shi yiwuwa a yi a ka'idar sha da kuma watsi da haske cewa, yi a kan wani gargajiya kimiyyar lissafi data bisa gaskiya ba.

Bohr ta postulates yarda numfashi sabuwar rayuwa a cikin gargajiya makanikai. Don wannan rana, suka kasance indisputable cikin sharuddan jimla makanikai.