Archaisms, historicism, neologisms: definition, misalai na amfani na Rasha harshen

A Rasha harshen yana aiki da kuma m ƙamus. A farko kunshi kalmomi, kowannenmu yana amfani da kusan kullum, na biyu kungiyar suna da wuya a yi amfani da magana da kalma. Wannan ya hada da archaisms, historicism, neologisms. Su gudanar da bincike daukan wuri a cikin "ƙamus da kuma lexicology."

Active kuma m ƙamus

A ƙamus na Rasha harshen a cikin miliyoyin kalmomi. Masana harshe raba dukan maganar da Rasha harshen cikin kungiyoyin biyu - aiki da kuma m ƙamus.

Domin m ƙamus ya hada da kalmomi da suke saba wa wani mutum ko recognizable zuwa gare su, amma da wuya amfani. Ga ruwan dare archaisms, historicism, neologisms.

Ga aiki ƙamus ne maganar da muka yi amfani da quite sau da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da ƙawance da kuma magana da, da kalmomin da abin da muka nufin duniya kewaye da mu. Wannan shi ne sunan da furniture, da tufafi, da abinci, kalmomi don bayyana dangantaka, aikin da, titles, kuma da yawa wasu motsin zuciyarmu.

kowane mutum aiki da kuma m ƙamus ne mutum da ya dogara da shekaru, wurin zama, masu sana'a aiki. A lokacin dukan mu rai da aka canza ta girma a cikin ko dai shugabanci, dangane da adadin dalilai.

m ƙamus

Domin m ƙamus ne m da kuma sabon kalmomi.

Daga cikin rabu amfani kalmomi bambanta biyu main kungiyoyin: archaisms da historicism. A su za a tattauna da fari, la'akari da definition na ayyuka da cewa yin archaisms da historicism, misalai na kowa kalmomi.

New kalmomi da yin sama da karami rabo daga m gefe na harshe da kuma ake kira neologisms. Next, za mu bincika su definition kuma Sanadin magana.

archaisms

Don fara kwakkwance rabu amfani kalmomi - archaisms da historicism. Archaisms - m kalmomi, a halin yanzu disused. Wannan shi ne tsohon sunan ko sunayen zamani abubuwa. Sau da yawa zo domin maye gurbin archaisms wasu kalmomi cewa ake magana a kai guda Concepts, kuma ya tarar cewa m kalma. Su kowane suna da wani zamani m, a cikin wasu kalmomi, kalmar dangantawa.

Dangane da hanyar ilimi, akwai archaisms:

1. Lexical, wanda aka maye gurbinsu da kalmomi da suke da daban-daban asalinsu. Wadannan kalmomi masu wuyar fahimta ba tare da sanin fassarar ko asali darajar. Wadannan sun hada da kalmomi kamar bakinka - lebe, yatsa - yatsa, mai fassara - fassara.
2. Lexical-kalmar samuwar. A wannan halin da ake ciki, da tsaoho da kuma na zamani version da wannan tushen, amma ya bambanta a kalma-samuwar morphemes. Alal misali, wani idon sani - wani idon sani, masunta - masunci.
3. Lexical da kuma karin lafazi - daban-daban daga cikin na zamani version of karin lafazi zane. Alal misali, da mawãƙi - wani mawãƙi, gistoriya - tarihi, cipher - lambar.
4. Lexical-na ginin jumla. Wannan ya hada da archaisms cewa har yanzu aiki a cikin harshen, yayin da ciwon daban-daban ma'ana. Alal misali, kalmar kunya baya nufin wani spectacle yau - kunya ko kunya.

A karshen wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin rawar da archaisms a Rasha harshen, musamman wallafe-wallafe. Archaisms rubuce a cikin kamus alama "wanda aka rabu amfani".

historicism

Historicism kira kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su koma ga kalmomi da kuma abubuwa da ya wanzu kafin, amma bace daga rayuwar mu. Historicism, misalai daga abin da muka haɗu da mafi akai-akai a cikin adabi - da 'yan sanda, da stationmaster, pud, kuma mafi. Wadannan Concepts suna aiki a yau a littattafan tarihi da kuma tarihi, tsohon littattafai da jaridu.

By historicism ne kalmomi cewa nufin jama'a hanyar rayuwa, da sunan cibiyoyin da jami'ai da matsayi, soja darajõji, abubuwa da makamai, tsohon raka'a, kudin, da kuma iyali abubuwa. Alal misali: a tavern, gashi, mace, buga jackpot, da lackey, magajin gari, da sojan igwa.

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa historicism ba ma'ana. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a tuna, a matsayin shi ne daya daga cikin matakai ne na historicism.

Kalma-historicism kuma Ya sanya zuwa kamus wanda ka alama "wanda aka rabu amfani", kasa "ist". Har ila yau, akwai a daban-daban kamus historicism, inda za ka ga ba wai kawai da ma'anar kalmar, amma kuma don matsahi na saba da siffar da abu cewa wakiltar da ra'ayi.

Historicism da archaisms: bambanci cikin sharuddan

Popular sau da yawa yara da kuma dalibai, da kuma kawai mutane suka ba su yi alaka da philology, tambaya taso: abin archaisms daban-daban daga historicism? Babban bambancin shi ne cewa tsaoho - rabu amfani nadi na wani abu, ko kuma wani ra'ayi cewa shi ne har yanzu ba a rayuwarmu. Historicism nufin da Concepts da kuma abubuwa masu dogon rabu amfani.

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, wani bayãnin hukuncin fasalin - archaisms suna nufin abu ɗaya, historicism - babu. Bisa ga wadannan biyu rarrabe siffofin, zaka iya gane wanda category wani musamman m kalma.

neologisms

Neologisms - kalmomin da ya bayyana a sakamakon sabon aukuwa ko kyama. Wasu lokaci a kalma ne a neologism, daga baya ya zama obscheupotreblyaemym da kuma shiga cikin aiki ƙamus na harshe.

Neologisms iya duka biyu tashi daga gaban fasaha, da kuma samun fita daga cikin mawallafa na alkalami. Saboda haka, marubucin kalmomin "kai a mayar da wurin zama" ya F. M. Dostoevsky, kuma da kalmar "masana'antu" da aka gabatar a cikin ƙamus na N. M. Karamzin. Bisa ga wannan saki hakkin mawallafi, kuma kowa harshen neologisms.

A daban-daban lokaci na neologisms ne kalmomi kamar wata mota, a roka, a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, mail da yawa wasu. Lokacin da yin amfani da neologisms kai ta ganiya kuma su ma'anar ya bayyana ga kowa da kowa, wadanda kalmomi za ta atomatik zuwa category obscheupotreblyaemyh.

Idan historicism da archaisms an rubuta su a ƙamus da musamman alamar, da neologisms shigar da kamus kawai bayan da wani ɓangare na aiki stock na harshe tsarin. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an fara fitowa musamman kamus na neologisms.

Sanadin

Muna dauke archaisms, historicism, neologisms. Yanzu 'yan kalmomi game da dalilan da su aukuwa.

A dalilan ga mika mulki na kalmomi daga aiki zuwa ga m ƙamus ne har yanzu ba su gane a cikin daki-daki. Kuma idan historicism ne fiye ko žasa m, tun bayan da bacewar manufar ake sanya maganarsa ke shiga m gefe, daga archaisms shi ne yafi rikitarwa.

Mafi sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin da wadannan Sanadin archaisms: izmenija daban-daban na zamantakewa, al'adu dalilai, daban-daban da ilimin harsuna ya dalilai - rinjayar sauran harsuna, stylistic sadarwa, harshen garambawul.

Manyan dalilan da fitowan na neologisms sun hada da:

- daban-daban izmenemeniya cikin rayuwar zamantakewa.

- ci gaban fasaha, da cewa shi ne, bayyanar da sabon abubuwa, Concepts da mamaki.

Yau, mafi neologisms da alaka da ci gaban kimiyyar kwamfuta da kwamfuta aikin injiniya.

stylistic darajar

A 'yan kalmomi game da stylistic rawar da kalmomin a cikin wani m ƙamus na Rasha harshe. Da aka fi amfani data kafa na kalmomi a cikin wallafe-wallafe.

Saboda haka, yin amfani da archaisms taimaka more daidai sake da marubuci ya bayyana wani zamanin halin da harafin da taimakon jawabin nasa. Lalle ne ku lura da cewa a cikin jawabin da wasu haruffa mamaye a ƙamus, misali wani more zamani, a wani jawabin da sauran - da sauran, wanda aka rabu amfani ko yare. Saboda haka, marubuci fa, tã da m da kuma zamantakewa hoto na hali.

Amfani da su a poetic magana ba a karin kauri, daukaka canza launi samfurin. A satire archaisms ana amfani da su haifar da wani comic ko satirical sakamako, bada wani karkatarwa.

Karatu a makaranta

Sashe na archaisms, historicism, neologisms suna karatu a makaranta a darussa na Rasha harshen da kuma wallafe-wallafe. Yawanci, saba da kalmar aji ya auku a watan biyar da goma maki a cikin nazarin Radel "Lexicology". Dalibai koyi rarrabe kalmomi da kuma nemo su a cikin matani na daban-daban iri iri. Bugu da kari, nazarin litattafansu, da muka fuskanci wanda ba a sani kalmomi mana, wanda sun dade daga amfani, ya zama saba da su ma'anar, asalin.

Karatu a Jami'ar

A mafi cikakken gabatarwar zuwa aiki kuma m ƙamus na Rasha harshen fara a jami'o'i a nazarin "Lexicology" sashe. Sau da yawa wannan shi ne a cikin shekara ta biyu a Faculty of Philology. Dalibai suna koyar da abin da archaisms daban-daban daga historicism, yadda da kuma inda ya iya samun ma'anar wadannan kalmomi, da yadda za a rarraba su bisa ga asali, domin sanin da aiki na wasu texts.

Dalibai za su iya yin nasu vocabularies, koyi a sami wani m ƙamus a matani da kuma maye gurbin shi, don nazarin asalin neologisms, dalilan bacewar kalmomi a cikin aiki kafofin watsa labarai abubuwa Rasha wallafe-wallafen harshen.

binciken

A wani m ƙamus na Rasha harshen kunshi wadannan kungiyoyin na Alamu: archaisms - m sunayen kalmomi kuma Concepts, historicism - sunayen abubuwa da kuma mamaki, ya rabu da mu abubuwa, neologisms - kalmomin amfani da su bayyana sabon Concepts.

Rabu amfani kalmomi ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen lokacin rubuta tarihi texts ka sake da yanayi na lokaci aka bayyana a cikin samfurin.