Anthropologism da relativism a falsafar - yana da ...

Relativism da anthropologism - daya daga cikin ka'idojin da falsafa. Duk da cewa wadannan ka'idoji da aka substantiated kwanan nan, sun bayyana tare da fitowan na farko wayewar. Musamman ci gaba ya kasance da Trend in Ancient Girka musamman sun aikatã game da su Sophists.

relativism

Relativism a falsafar - wannan ne manufa cewa duk abin da a rayuwa shi ne dangi da kuma dogara a kan yanayi da kuma ra'ayinsa. Manufa jaddada dangane da daban-daban abubuwa tare da su na ra'ayin wani halaye da dukiyoyinsu. A cewar wannan, tun da dukan abubuwa da kayadadden halaye, su AMINCI lends kanta ga zargi da kusan dukan abubuwa za a iya wakilta a matsayin mai ƙarya, erroneous. Alal misali, idan wani mutum ya ce, "Ka ba da misalai na falsafar relativism", wannan za a iya kwatanta ta da wadannan shawarwari: zaki ya kashe ta ganima. Wannan tayin ne kayadadden saboda, dangane da yanayi daban-daban, zai iya zama tabbatacce ko korau. Idan aka azabtar da wani irin gada, sa'an nan shi ke lafiya, domin wadannan su ne dokokin da dabba duniya, amma idan aka azabtar da wani mutum - sa'an nan da shawara zama korau. Wannan relativism kuma kurkuku.

Dangane da shi a kan yadda za ka duba a wannan halin da ake ciki, zai iya zama mai kyau ko mara kyau, gaskiya ko karya, m ko m. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa da cewa da yawa da masana falsafa da la'akari da relativism matsayin wata cuta na zamani falsafa.

Relativism da anthropologism Sophists

Sophists a zamanin tsohuwar Girka kira mutanen da suke gaba daya sadaukar da kansu ga shafi tunanin mutum aiki. A bisa ga al'ada, da Sophists sun falsafa, kazalika da wa? Anda suka yi karatu siyasa, oratory, dokar da sauransu. Mafi shahara sophists na lokaci sun Solon, Pythagoras, Socrates, Protagoras, Prodicus, Hippias da sauransu. Anthropologism, subjectivism da relativism ne falsafar da Sophists zama tushen kusan duk zamani falsafancin.

Daya daga cikin manyan fasali na Sophists shi ne cewa a tsakiyar koyarwarsu, su ko da yaushe sa da fari mutum. Anthropocentrism ya Lalle ne tushen koyarwarsu, kamar yadda suka yi zaton cewa wani abu a cikin sãɓãwar launukansa digiri hade da wani mutum.

Wani muhimmin alama na Sophists ya gabar da kuma dangantakar duk ilmi domin, kamar yadda masana kimiyya sun yi da'awar cewa lokacin, duk da ilmi ba, a ra'ayi ko wani kima za a iya tambayar, idan muka dubi shi daga sauran gefe. Misalan relativism falsafa za a iya samu a kusan duk na Sophists. Wannan daidai misalta da sanannun magana na Protagoras: "Man - shi ne ma'auni ga dukan kome", domin shi ne yadda mutane da kimanta halin da ake ciki, da kuma dogara a kan yadda aka sani da su. Socrates dauke zumunta halin kirki da kuma xa'a, Parmenides ya sha'awar a aiwatar da kimantawa abubuwa, da kuma bayar da shawarwari Protagoras da ra'ayin game da gaskiyar cewa duk abin da a cikin wannan duniya da aka kimanta, ta hanyar Prism na bukatun da kuma burin da mutum. Anthropologism da relativism na Sophists falsafa samu su ci gaba a m tarihi epochs.

Development of relativism a matakai daban-daban na tarihi

Domin da farko lokacin da manufa na relativism, kafa a zamanin tsohuwar Girka, musamman kokarin da Sophists. Daga baya wannan manufa wuce da kuma shakka a cikin abin da duk wani ilmi ne na ra'ayin wani, kamar yadda ake gani dangane da tarihi da yanayi na samuwar da fahimi tsari. A cewar wannan, duk da ilmi da aka yaudarar a kanta.

Dangantakar manufa aka kuma yi amfani da 16-17th ƙarni a matsayin dalilin zargi tsatstsauran ra'ayin. A musamman, wannan da aka yi ta Erazm Rotterdamsky, Bayle, Montaigne da sauransu. Haka kuma an yi amfani da matsayin tushen relativism idealist empiricism, kuma shi ma da dalilin metaphysics. A tsawon lokaci, akwai wasu misalai daga cikin falsafar relativism, wanda ya zama daban kwatance.

epistemological relativism

Epistemology, ko ilimi - ne kafuwar dangantakar. Epistemological relativism a falsafar - cikakken kin amincewa da ra'ayin cewa ilimi iya girma da kuma samun ci gaba. Tsari ilimi shi ne aka bayyana a matsayin irin wannan, wanda shi ne gaba daya dogara a kan wasu sharudda: nazarin halittu da bukatun mutum, hankali da kuma m yanayin, gaban msar tambayar hanyoyin amfani ma'ana form et al.

Gaskiyar cewa ci gaban ilimi a kowane mataki na relativists gani a matsayin babban hujja da ta falsity da inaccuracy, saboda ilimi ba zai iya canza da kuma girma, suna bukatar su zama unambiguous kuma barga. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa musu da yiwuwar objectivity a general, kazalika don kammala agnosticism.

jiki relativism

Dangantakar manufa yana da aikace-aikace yanki ba kawai a cikin falsafa da kuma al'adu da kuma zamantakewa sciences, amma kuma a cikin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma jimla makanikai. A wannan yanayin, da manufa shi ne cewa akwai bukatar sake tunani da dukan ra'ayi na gargajiya makanikai, kamar lokaci, salla, al'amarin, sarari da sauransu.

A karkashin fassarar wannan manufa, Einstein ya gabatar da Kalmar "Kiyayewa", abin da ya bayyana mutumin da ya aikata aiki na tare da wasu kayadadden abubuwa. A wannan yanayin, da ilmantarwa tsari da wannan abu da kuma fassarar gaskiyar dogara a kan kayadadden hasashe na observer.

ado relativism

Ado relativism a falsafar - wannan ne manufa, wanda da farko ya bayyana a tsakiyar zamanai. Musamman hankali ne ya biya wannan Vitelon. A cikin ayyukansu, yana sha'awar manufar kyakkyawa daga wani m ra'ayi. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa manufar kyakkyawa a hannu daya ne sosai m, kuma a daya hannun yana da wasu zaman lafiya. Alal misali, ya bayar da hujjar cewa Moors fi son daya launi, yayin da Scandinavians ne quite daban-daban. Ya yi imani da cewa shi ya dogara da ilimi da halaye na kirki da kuma na yanayi inda wani mutum ya girma.

A cikin tattaunawa Vitelon zo zuwa relativism, saboda ya yi imani da cewa m ne dangi. Wani abu da yake ban mamaki ga wasu, ba haka ba ne ga sãshe, kuma shi yana da wasu kayadadden dalilai. Bayan haka, abin da mutum daya ya sami kyau, ya iya ganin m tare da lokaci. Dalili na wannan shi ne mafi yanayi daban-daban da kuma matsayi.

Halin kirki (da'a) Dangantakar

Halin kirki relativism a falsafar - wannan ne manufa da cewa mugunta ko nagarta a cikin cikakkar form ba ya wanzu a manufa. Yana musanta wani halin kirki norms da kuma wanzuwar wani sharudda game da gaskiyar cewa irin wannan dabi'a da kuma halin kirki. Wasu masana falsafa ganin manufa na halin kirki relativism kamar yadda permissiveness, yayin da wasu gan shi a matsayin al'ada fassarar nagarta da mugunta. Da'a relativism a falsafar - wannan ne manufa, wanda ya nuna matukar halin kirki norms bisa ga Concepts nagarta da mugunta. A cewar wannan, a lokuta dabam dabam, a karkashin daban-daban yanayi da kuma a sassa daban daban na wannan ra'ayi na dabi'a ba zai iya kawai dace, amma kuma za a gaba daya sun yi tsayayya da juna. Duk wani halin kirki ne zumunta saboda gaskiyar cewa a gwada sosai nagarta da mugunta.

al'adu relativism

Al'adu relativism a falsafar - wannan ne manufa, wadda ta ƙunshi a gaskiyar cewa wani tsarin na kimantawa da al'adun hana duk, da kuma dukan al'adu an dauke su da cikakken daidai. Wannan shugabanci da aka aza Fran Boas. Kamar yadda wani misali, marubucin yayi amfani da Amirka, da kuma al'adar Turai, wanda suka cusa akida, da kuma su dabi'un a kan wasu ƙasashe.

Al'adu relativism a falsafar -. Shi ne da manufa wanda ya wadãtu da fannonin da kamar auren mace daya da kuma polygamy, zamantakewa girma, jinsi matsayin, hadisai, halayyar, da kuma sauran al'adu siffofin ne dogara a kan wurin zama, addini da kuma wasu dalilai. All al'adu Concepts za a iya gani a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani mutum wanda ya girma a wannan al'ada, da kuma daga cikin mutum da yake tashi a cikin wani daban-daban al'adu. Views a kan wannan al'ada ze zama m. A daidai wannan lokaci shi taka muhimmiyar rawa anthropologism kamar yadda da farko wani mutum tsaye a tsakiyar kowane al'adu.

anthropologism

Anthropologism - shi ne da manufa na falsafa, wanda aka gani a matsayin key category manufar "mutum." Mutane ne cibiyar da Categories kamar byte, al'ada, jama'a, jama'a, yanayi da sauransu. Anthropologism manufa bayyana a cikin ta farko wayewar, amma da ganiya shi kai a cikin 18- 21 ƙarni.

A zamani falsafa anthropologism yayi kokarin tabbatar da hadin kan kimiyya da falsafa m ne a kan manufar "mutum." Anthropologism ne yanzu a kusan dukkanin zamani sciences cewa bincika daban-daban al'amurran da wani mutum. Musamman da kyau wannan ra'ayi yana dauke a cikin falsafa anthropologism wanda yayi kokarin ya fahimci manufar "mutum."

Anthropocentrism - tushen anthropologism

Dalili anthropologism ne anthropocentrism, bisa ga abin da mutum - shi ne cibiyar da dukan kõme. A bambanci, ya anthropologism wanda sau da yawa ya duba ne da nazarin halittu jigon mutum, anthropocentrism sha'awar a cikin zaman jama'a yanayi.

A cewar anthropocentrism, mutumin ne kafuwar duk falsafa bincike. Mutane da yawa masu bincike sun har ma da sosai ra'ayi na falsafa ke dauke a matsayin search for da kuma fahimtar mutane na bytya da zama. Saboda haka, shi ne ta hanyar da yanayin mutum, yanayi da kuma makoma za a iya gano kusan duk falsafa matsaloli cewa tashi a wani tarihi epoch.

Historical cin anthropologism

Anthropologism farko muhimmi a cikin al'adar Turai, amma da yawa daga Usul za a iya samu a gabas. Amma asalin shugabanci, to, wannan wuri shi ne babu shakka tsufa. Da yawa daga cikin bashi nan nasa ne Socrates, Protagoras, Plato, da sauransu. Musamman hankali ya kamata a bai wa ayyukan Aristotle, wanda ya yi bincike mai yawa jiki da kuma m jigogi alaka adam.

A wani hanya mutane gabatar a cikin Kirista fassarar. Man da ake gani a matsayin Haikali, wadda ake kira da bugu na Mahalicci. A nan, baya ga anthropocentrism, akwai kuma Theocentricism, a cikin zuciya na ganewarsu ne Allah. A wannan lokacin, da fari akwai rai na mutum, mutuntakarsa da kuma juyayinsu.

Renaissance zo da manufa na humanism, wanda shi ne daban-daban daga daya da aka yi amfani a tsakiyar zamanai. Humanism fara da za a dogara a kan wani falsafa fahimtar mutumin da yancin dan adam da. 17-18 karni gabascin damu da yanayin mutum, makoman, ya sa a cikin wannan duniya. Haskakarka kokarin san a mutum ta wajen wani daidai kimiyya da hankali. Wannan ya yi ta Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot da sauransu.

M zamanin fara sake tunani da yawa tarin zahirin tafiyar matakai. Anthropologism aka kore ta falsafar Feuerbach, Marx, Kierkegaard, kuma Scheler. Don kwanan anthropologism har yanzu ya kasance da akai na zamani falsafa da kuma ta daban-daban kwatance.

Anthropologism da relativism - shi ne ka'idodi na zamani falsafa. Daban-daban al'amurran da wadannan yankunan da nema a mayar da zamanin da, duk da haka, da suka yi ba a rasa su munasaba a yau.