Antarctica: yanayi. Dabba da Flora na Antarctica

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin cibiyoyin bincike mafi ban mamaki da kuma rashin ilimi a duniya. Biyu masu bincike, Mista Lazarev da F. Bellingshausen, sun gano Antarctica. Haɗuwawarsu ta tabbatar da kasancewar Antarctica a kudancin duniya. Ya faru a 1820.

Yau, kudancin nahiyar na duniya, kamar yadda a cikin tsufa, riko da yawa asirai. Yanayin Antarctica yana da tsanani sosai kuma ba ya bambanta a iri-iri. An kafa cewa wannan ita ce mafi girma nahiyar. Kasashen sama sun kai sama da mita 2-4 (a tsakiyar nahiyar) kilomita.

Bayani na nahiyar

Dutsen hawa mai hawa na hawa Antarctica kuma raba shi zuwa sassa biyu - gabas da yamma. Kusan dukan nahiyar an rufe shi da kankara. Sai dai a yammacin yammacin shi kimanin kilomita dubu 40 ne ke kewaye da shi. Suna a bakin tekun Pacific - ƙananan filayen filayen dutsen da ake kira nunataks. Suna tashi sama da murfin kankara.

Rufin kankara na nahiyar shine mafi iko a duniya - mita miliyan 30 na kankara, wanda yake wakiltar kashi 90 cikin 100 na tsaunukan kankara na duniya. Characteristically, da kankara na Antarctica dauke da babbar reserves na sabo ruwa.

Yanayin yanayi

Irin yanayin Antarctica ya bambanta da yanayi mafi sanyi a duniya. A shekara ta 1983, an ƙaddamar da cikakken ƙarami - ƙananan digiri 89.2. A cikin hunturu, yanayin zafin jiki ya tashi daga -60 zuwa -75 digiri. A lokacin rani, hakan yakan kai zuwa -50. Kuma kawai a bakin tekun yanayi ya fi ƙarfin hali: yawan zafin jiki na zafin jiki daga 0 zuwa -20 digiri.

Yanayi mai yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin dusar ƙanƙara, wanda aka matsa a ƙarƙashin nauyinsa, yana samar da sabon launi na kankara.

Duk da haka, akwai koguna da tafkuna a Antarctica. Suna bayyana a lokacin rani, kuma a cikin hunturu sukan sake rufe bishiyoyi. A yau, masana kimiyya sun gano wuraren lakabi 140. Daga cikin waɗannan, ɗayan ba zai daskare - gabas ba.

Flora na Antarctica

Shirin nahiyar na da matukar talauci. An bayyana fasalin yanayin Antarctica ta yanayin sauyin yanayi. Yawancin haka akwai algae girma a nan - kimanin nau'in 700. Free daga kankara na filaye da kuma bakin teku na babban gida coverhens da mosses. Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a kan wannan ƙasa mummunan ƙasa kawai ne kawai - klobantus kito da kuma Antarctic makiyaya.

Kogin Quiloboth ya kasance cikin iyalinsa. Wannan itace mummunar shuka, wadda take da nauyin matashin kai kamar kananan furanni da fari. Tsawan tsayi na tsire-tsire ba zai wuce biyar santimita ba.

Antarctic makiyaya tana nufin hatsi. Ya girma ne kawai a yankunan duniya da hasken rana ke haskakawa. Wadannan ƙwayoyin nondescript suna girma zuwa 20 centimeters. A shuka tolerates frosts da kyau. Ko da a lokacin flowering, frosts ba cutar da shi.

Tsarin duniya na Antarctica, wanda wasu 'yan shuke-shuke suka wakilta, sun daidaita da sanyi har abada. Kwayoyin suna dauke da ruwa kadan, dukkanin matakai suna jinkirin.

Dabbobi

Sakamakon yanayin Antarctica sun bar motsin su akan fauna na nahiyar. Dabbobi na wannan ƙasa na ƙasar suna rayuwa ne kawai inda akwai ciyayi. Duk da matsanancin yanayi, dinosaur da ke zaune a Antarctica a zamanin d ¯ a.

Dabbobin daji na ƙwayoyin dabbobi za su iya raba su zuwa kashi biyu - kungiyoyi da ruwa. Ya kamata a lura cewa babu dabbobin da ke zaune a Antarctica har abada.

Ruwa dake kewaye da nahiyar yana da wadata a zooplankton, wanda shine babban abincin da za a rufe, ƙugiyoyi, fure-fuka da kuma takalma. A nan rayuwa icefish - halittu masu ban mamaki, waɗanda suka dace su wanzu a cikin ruwan ƙanƙara.

Ga manyan dabbobi da Antarctica ne blue Whales, wanda janyo hankalin babban adadin jatan lande.

A cikin tafkuna masu laushi suna da algae-kore algae da tsutsotsi tsutsotsi, akwai crustaceans da daphnia.

Tsuntsaye

Ga 'yan sanda, polar terns da skuas, gidan yana Antarctica. Yanayin nahiyar ba ya ƙyale zama a nan fiye da tsuntsaye. Hudu hudu na penguins suna zaune a Antarctica. Mafi yawan jama'a shi ne mulkin mallaka. Petrels sukan tashi a wani lokaci zuwa kudancin kudanci.

Mambobi

Antarctica, yanayin da yake da ƙyama ga dabbobi masu rai, za su iya yin alfaharin kawai waɗannan nau'in da zasu iya zama a ƙasa da ruwa. Da farko, waɗannan su ne hatimi. Bugu da kari, a kan Coast live damisa like da giwa like. Dolphins ne kananan yashi ko baki da fari, wanda whalers kira teku shanu.

Ma'aikatan Antarctica

A wannan nahiyar, akwai wasu masu tsinkaye daban-daban. Abincin su shi ne ya hada da magungunan kayan cin abinci na planktonic. Daga cikin waɗannan, wajibi ne a nuna hasken damun ruwa - hatimin mafi girma wanda ke ciyar da krill. Yana zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Duk da haka, yana da ɗaukakar mawaki, wadda ke iya farauta da manyan dabbobi. Irin wannan farauta duk da haka yana da yanayin yanayi kawai kuma ana nufin shi ne don daidaita abinci wanda ya ƙunshi squid da kifi, amma tushen shine krill. A kananan yawan wadannan marine da yara kiyaye kusa rookeries na Jawo like da penguin mazauna. A mafi yawancin lokuta waɗannan ƙattai suna gudana a kan kankara a kan teku da kuma farkon farkon hunturu a cikin manyan lambobi a kusa da Georgia ta Georgia.

Leopards duwatsu ne hakikanin Kattai. An yi rajista bisa ga al'ada tsawon mita 3.8, amma akwai dabbobi da yawa.

By kaka, leopards canza rayuwarsu kuma suna kusa da tudu, tare da wadanda ba su da kwarewa gashi furke da kuma penguins sauka.

Invertebrates

Wanda ya dace da yanayin Antarctica, saboda haka wannan arthropod invertebrate. A Antarctica akwai nau'i 67 na mites da nau'i hudu. Akwai puhoedy, fleas da, ba shakka, sauro. Ya kamata a lura cewa sauro ba tare da walƙiya, wanda yake da launi mai launi-fata, yana rayuwa ne kawai a kan kankara. Wadannan kwari suna ciwo, wanda yake na dabba ne na gaba daya.

Yawancin invertebrates da kwari an gabatar da su zuwa kudanci ta tsuntsaye.

Yawon shakatawa

Duk da yanayin saurin yanayi, kimanin mutane shida masu yawon bude ido sun zo Antarctica a kowace shekara. Yawancin su suna zuwa filin jiragen ruwa na Antarctic, inda akwai filin jirgin sama da kuma wuraren da yawon bude ido. A shekarun 1990s, masu yawon bude ido sun fara ziyarci Ross Sea.