Samuwar, Sakandare da kuma makarantu
Acid: misalai tebur. Properties na acid
Acid - Waɗannan su ne sinadaran mahadi wanda suke iya bada wani electrically caje ion (cation) hydrogen, da kuma yarda da biyu vzaimodeystvuschih electron, game da shi, kafa covalent bond.
A wannan labarin, za mu yi la'akari da asali acid, wanda aka sanar da a sakandare azuzuwan na makarantun sakandare, kazalika da koyi da yawa ban sha'awa facts game daban-daban acid. Ci gaba.
Acid: Nau'in
A sunadarai akwai mai yawa iri-iri na acid, wanda da sosai daban-daban Properties. Chemists rarrabe acid abun ciki ya kunshi oxygen, a kan volatility, solubility a ruwa, ƙarfi, kwanciyar hankali, na ga aji na Organic ko inorganic sinadaran mahadi. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a tebur cewa presents cikin shahararrun acid. Table iya taimaka ka tuna da sunan acid da kuma ta sinadaran dabara.
| sinadaran da dabara | Sunan acid |
| H 2 S | hydrogen sulfide |
| H 2 SO 4 | sulfuric |
| HNO 3 | nitric |
| HNO 2 | nitrous |
| HF | hydrofluoric |
| HCI | Salt |
| H 3 PO 4 | phosphorous |
| H 2 CO 3 | kwal |
Saboda haka, duk fili bayyane. Wannan ya nuna tebur mafi kyau-sani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu acid. Tebur za ta taimaka da yawa sauri zuwa tuna sunayen da dabarbari.
hydrosulfuric acid
H 2 S - hydrogen sulfide ne acid. Its peculiarity ta'allaka ne da cewa shi ma yana da wani gas. Hydrogen sulfide ne da mummunar rastovoryaetsya a ruwa, kazalika da hulɗa tare da haka da yawa karafa. Hydrogen sulfide acid nasa ne da rukuni na "rauni acid", misalai na abin da za mu tattauna a wannan talifin.
H 2 S yana da dan kadan zaki da dandano, da kuma sosai pungent wari na banza qwai. A yanayi, shi za a iya samu a cikin halitta ko volcanic gas, kuma shi ne saki a lokacin da furotin da putrefaction.
Kadarorin acid ne sosai bambancin, ko idan acid ne ba makawa a masana'antu, zai iya zama marasa amfani baki ɗaya sosai ga lafiyar dan adam. Wannan acid ne sosai guba ga mutum. By inhalation na karamin adadin hydrogen sulfide a cikin mutum awakens ciwon kai mai tsanani fara tashin zuciya da juwa. Idan wani mutum numfasawa yawa H 2 S, zai iya kai wa ga seizures, coma, ko kwatsam mutuwa.
sulfuric acid
H 2 SO 4 - shi ne mai karfi sulfuric acid, to wanda yara suna gabatar a cikin sunadarai azuzuwan ko a cikin 8th aji. Chemical acid kamar sulfuric acid, suna da karfi oxidants. H 2 SO 4 ayyukan matsayin oxidant for sosai da yawa karafa, da kuma asali oxides.
H 2 SO 4 a lamba tare da fata, ko tufafi sa sinadaran konewa, amma ba a matsayin mai guba kamar yadda hydrogen sulfide.
nitric acid
A cikin duniya, shi ne muhimmanci da karfi acid. Misalai na irin wannan acid: HCI, H 2 SO 4, HBr, HNO 3. HNO 3 - da aka sani zuwa ga kowa da kowa nitric acid. An yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin masana'antu da kuma aikin noma. Ana amfani ga yi na daban-daban gargajiya, kayan ado, bugu da hotuna, a yi da magunguna da kuma dyes, kazalika a cikin tsaro masana'antu.
Irin wannan sinadaran acid kamar nitric acid, suna sosai cutarwa ga kwayoyin. HNO 3 nau'i-nau'i bar ulcers, sa m kumburi da numfashi fili hangula.
nitrous acid
Nitrous acid da aka sau da yawa sosai a gauraye da nitrogen, amma bambancin da ke tsakanin su ne. Gaskiyar cewa nitrous acid ne da yawa kasa nitrogen, da ita gaba daya daban-daban Properties kuma effects a kan jikin mutum.
HNO 2 da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin sinadaran masana'antu.
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid (ko hydrogen fluoride) - wani bayani da H 2 Ya c HF. acid amide - HF. Hydrofluoric acid da aka sosai yadu a yi amfani da aluminum masana'antu. Yana narkar silicates, etched silicon, silicate gilashi.
Hydrogen fluoride ne sosai cutarwa ga jikin mutum, dangane da natsuwa da miyagun ƙwayoyi iya zama da sauki. Bayan lamba tare da fata, na farko babu canji, amma bayan 'yan mintoci, za ka iya samun kaifi zafi da kuma sinadaran konewa. Hydrofluoric acid ne sosai cutarwa ga muhalli.
hydrochloric acid
HCI - shi ne hydrogen chloride, shi ne mai ƙarfi acid. Hydrogen chloride acid rike da kaddarorin na zuwa da ƙarfi a kungiyar. A acid nau'i ne bayyanannu, kuma colorless, kuma steaming a iska. Hydrogen chloride ne yadu amfani a cikin karfe da kuma abinci masana'antu.
Wannan acid sa konewa, amma musamman m ta ido lamba.
phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) - shi ne a cikin rauni acid Properties. Amma ko da mai rauni acid na iya samun karfi Properties. Alal misali, H 3 PO 4 aka yi amfani a masana'antu domin rage baƙin ƙarfe tsatsa. Bugu da kari, forsfornaya (ko phosphoric) acid da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin aikin noma - an yi shi da wani m iri-iri da takin mai magani.
Kadarorin acid ne sosai kama - ma kowane daga cikinsu ne sosai cutarwa ga jikin mutum, H 3 PO 4 ne ba togiya. Alal misali, wannan acid ma sa mai tsanani konewa, zub da jini daga hanci, da kuma niƙẽwa hakora.
carbonic acid
H 2 CO 3 - rauni acid. An samu ta hanyar rushe CO 2 (carbon dioxide) a cikin H 2 Ya (ruwa). Carbonic acid da aka yi amfani da ilmin halitta da kuma Biochemistry.
Yawa daga daban-daban acid
acid yawa taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin msar tambayar da m sassa na sunadarai. Godiya ga ilimi da yawa za su iya sanin ko za a maida hankali a musamman acid, lasafta su warware sinadaran da matsaloli da kuma ƙara da hakkin adadin acid don gudanar da wani dauki. Yawa wani acid dabam dangane da natsuwa. Ga misali, da girma da maida hankali da yawan, da girma da yawa.
A general Properties na acid
Babu shakka duk acid abubuwa ne hadaddun (Ina nufin, kunshi dama abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tebur), ta haka ne dole hada a abun da ke ciki H (hydrogen). Next, mun yi la'akari da sinadaran Properties na acid, wanda su ne na kowa:
- All oxygenated acid (wanda shi ne yanzu a dabara Yã) kafa a lokacin bazuwar na ruwa, da kuma wani acidic oxide. A anoxic haka bazu cikin sauki abubuwa (msl, 2HF decomposes cikin F 2 da H 2).
- Acid-oxidants amsa tare da duk karafa tsakanin karafa aiki (kawai ne ga waɗanda located a kan hagu na H).
- Hulɗa tare da daban-daban salts, amma waɗanda aka kafa mafi rauni acid.
The jiki Properties na acid bambanta sharply daga juna. Bayan duk, su da wani wari, kuma ba shi da shi, amma kuma zama a cikin daban-daban a jihohin tari: ruwa, gaseous ko m. Yana da matukar ban sha'awa ga karatu da m acid. Misalai na irin wannan acid: C 2 H 2 0 4 da H 3 BO 3.
maida hankali
Maida hankali ne da yawa wanda kayyade gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na wani bayani. Alal misali, chemists sau da yawa zama dole domin sanin nawa acid a tsarma H 2 SO 4 ne m sulfuric acid. A saboda wannan dalili da suka zuba a kananan adadin tsarma acid a cikin wani beaker, auna da yawa m taro tebur. acid taro tsallaka juna da yawa tabbatar da dalilin kontsetratsii sau da yawa ci karo da lissafi ayyuka inda ya zama dole domin sanin yawan m acid a cikin bayani.
Rarrabuwa da yawan acid H kwayoyin halitta a cikin sinadaran dabara
Daya daga cikin mafi rare-rabensu ne rabuwar acid, monobasic, dibasic kuma, daidai da, tribasic acid. Misalan monobasic acid: HNO 3 (nitric acid), HCI (hydrochloric), HF (hydrofluoric) da sauransu. Wadannan acid ake kira monobasic, tun da abun da ke ciki akwai daya kawai zarra H. Akwai da yawa acid, da cikakken yiwuwa a tuna kowane. Muna da bukatar kawai tuna cewa acid ne tallace da kuma yawan H kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin. Ana ayyana kamar wancan kuma diacids. Misalai: H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid), H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide), H 2 CO 3 (ci) da sauransu. Tribasic: H 3 PO 4 (phosphoric acid).
Babban rarrabuwa acid
Daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri sukayi fassara na acid ne su raba su a cikin oxygenated da oxygen-free. Yadda za a tuna, ba da sanin sinadaran dabara na abu da yake oxygen-dauke acid?
Mun duk hydrogen acid a cikin abun da ke ciki shi ne ba wani muhimmin kashi na O - oxygen, amma akwai wani ɓangare na H. Saboda haka, su sunan da aka yaushe dangana ga kalmar "hydrogen". HCI - shi ne hydrochloric acid, wani H 2 S - hydrogen sulfide.
Amma kuma da sunayen kislosoderzhaschih acid na iya rubuta da dabara. Alal misali, idan yawan Yã kwayoyin halitta a cikin abu - 4 ko 3 sa'an nan ko da yaushe kara zuwa da sunan kari na baya baki -n- da kuma kawo karshen -aya-:
- H 2 SO 4 - sulfuric acid (yawan sunadaran - 4).
- H 2 Sio 3 - silicon (yawan sunadaran - 3).
Idan wani abu ne kasa da uku oxygen kwayoyin halitta, ko uku, da take -ist- kari na baya baki da ake amfani da:
- HNO 2 - nitrous.
- H 2 SO 3 - sulfurous.
Common Properties
All acid da m iyawa, kuma sau da yawa a bit ƙarfe. Amma akwai sauran irin wannan Properties, wanda a yanzu mun duba.
Akwai abubuwa kira Manuniya. A Manuniya canza launi, ko launi ya rage, amma ya canjãwa ta dafa. Wannan na faruwa ne a lokacin da LEDs ne a kan wani abubuwa irin acid.
Wani misali da wani launi canji iya zama a matsayin irin saba wa da yawa samfurin kamar shayi, kuma citric acid. Lokacin da amai da shayi lemun tsami shayi sa'an nan a hankali ta fara sauƙaƙa da yawa. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da lemun tsami ƙunshi citric acid.
Akwai sauran misalai. Litmus, wanda ya jũya ja a tsaka tsaki matsakaici yana da wani m launi, ya kara da hydrochloric acid.
A dauki na acid tare da karafa a cikin electromotive jerin to hydrogen gas kumfa kasaftawa - H. Duk da haka, idan tube da aka sanya da wani acid karfe wanda ke cikin tashin hankali bayan layi H, to, babu dauki zai faru, gas juyin halitta zai zama. Alal misali, jan, da azurfa, Mercury, platinum, da zinariya, don amsa tare da acid ba.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin shahararrun sinadaran acid, kazalika da babban fasali da kuma bambance-bambance.
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