Samuwar, Sakandare da kuma makarantu
Abin da ma'adanai suna kafa daga zamanin d shuke-shuke? Manyan ma'adanai
Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da kafofin samar da makamashi na duniya masana'antu su ne yanzu m burbushin habaka. Al'ummar duniya ba tare da su ne da kamar wuya a iya yi. Daga cikin abubuwan, mafi m Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ce: "Stoke da kuma banknotes iya zama." Scientist nufi da cewa wadannan albarkatun zai zama da amfani ga kira na bukata adam abubuwa.
Janar halaye na shuka burbushin habaka
Duk wadannan habaka dauke da sararin adadin carbon. Su duka kafa daga shuka sharan, wanda ga miliyoyin shekaru sarrafa high matsa lamba da kuma high zazzabi. A shekaru na wasu tsoho jinsunan kayan lambu mai ne ya fi yadda da alamar 650 shekaru miliyan. Aƙalla 80% na wadannan adibas aka kafa a lokacin da zurfi na lokaci. An wannan lokaci, za mu bashi da cewa albarkatun ma'adinai har yanzu samar mana da duk dole.
Babban alama na ilimi kamata la'akari da cewa a cikin waɗannan kwanaki duniya shi ne har yanzu bai isa ba oxygen, wanda yanzu hanzari oxidizes organics, amma da yawa na carbon da mahadi dangane da shi. Sedimentary kankara da sauri kiyaye babbar talakawa da abubuwa a cikin ƙasa thicker.
Sabõda haka, ka fi kewaya wannan batu, mun kasance shirya tebur. Ma'adanai ba haphazardly sanya shi a cikin ƙasa.
landform | A tsarin da ɓawon burodi, ta shekaru | The main iri adibas | misalai |
bayyana | Shields sau arheozoya, Proterozoic | A yawa na baƙin ƙarfe, manganese tama | Baltic Garkuwa Rasha dandali |
Faranti tsoho dandamali, da samuwar wanda ya auku a lokacin da Paleozoic | Mai, iskar gas, kwal da sauran burbushin shuka asalin | yammacin Siberia | |
duwãtsu | Sun Mountain mai tsayi shekaru | Mutane da yawa ores | Caucasus |
Tsohon, suka hallakar da duwãtsu na Mesozoic zamanin | Dauke da kusan kowane irin albarkatun, ciki har da ores | Kazakh Uplands |
Duk da haka, daga cikin wasu masana kimiyya m ka'idar abiotic asalin yawa burbushin habaka, wanda ya bayyana su asalin mai hade da daban-daban dalilai da ya kai ga zargin hadaddun carbon mahadi daga sauki inorganic abubuwa.
Muhimmancin ga masana'antu da kuma mutum
Kamar yadda muka riga ce, da yawa daga cikin wadannan abubuwa - a real fount na zamani sinadaran masana'antu. A wannan ci ƙunshi mutane da yawa mahadi da cewa in ba haka ba za su iya kawai za a samu a sakamakon da hadaddun da tsada kira. Alal misali, humic acid, wanda a yanayi ba faruwa sau da yawa sosai, kuma shi ne quite wuya ga wucin gadi kira, mutum sami wani taro na cheap, kuma kowa ruwan kasa kwal.
A ka'ida, duk wannan zai gaya maka tattalin arziki labarin kasa. Ma'adanai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar al'ada samar da wani tattalin arziki.
Ya kamata a tuna cewa cikakken amfani da yawa shuka-samu hanya mai yiwuwa ne kawai idan mutum ya san nuances na karatun su. Da farko mu dubi fiye da sau daya ake magana a kai mu ci, kamar yadda aiwatar da su samuwar ne sosai ban sha'awa. Coal, kazalika da sauran manyan ma'adanai na kayan lambu asalin, an kafa ta daban-daban shuke-shuke a cikin aiwatar da withering bãya.
Halayyar Ilimi na humic garwashin
A dogon lokacin da suka wuce, a lokacin da Duniya da aka har yanzu yawo giant dinosaur, da sararin expanses na lush gandun daji girma kyau. Domin su girma da kuma ci gaba da yanayi sun manufa: a cikin ƙasa mai yawa kwayoyin halitta, kuma a cikin wani yanayi mamaye carbon dioxide. Duk da haka, wadannan wannan yanayi da gudummawar da gaskiyar cewa da tsire-tsire mutu kashe wajen hanzari. Sau da yawa suka fāɗi ƙasa inda da nĩƙaƙƙun da sauri saboda ba a riga an kare daga oxidative mataki na iska.
Tun da kwal da aka kafa kai tsaye?
Hanyar aka bayyana a sama sa a cikin samuwar bushe peat, wanda a yanzu lokaci a kan surface na duniya ya isa. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, babu wani karin metamorphosis tare da shi ba ya faruwa, kamar yadda sau da yawa an rufe da wata Layer na yashi da ƙasa, abin dogara canning kwayoyin halitta daga daukan hotuna zuwa oxygen da kuma kwayoyin. Wannan taro da aka sosai roba, sabili da haka wasu daure ko hadawa a nan gaba daga faruwa.
Tun undecomposed kwayoyin halitta a peat kauri sosai kananan, kara matakai na lalata ba. Saboda haka, da yawan zafin jiki a cikin ciki na kududdufai ya ko da yaushe ya kasance a wannan matakin.
Matsa lamba da kuma lokaci ...
Duk da haka, a kan lokaci, a hankali compacted yadudduka saboda caking. A hankali, da humic acid da aka tuba zuwa humites resins an hõre aiwatar da decarboxylation kuma kawai waxes zauna canzawa for millennia. Wannan ke sa a cikin samuwar ruwan kasa humic garwashin. Musamman mai yawa daga gare su, a cikin Krasnoyarsk Abuja. Wannan ne ya fi kowa amfani ma'adanai baki (da wani muhimmin tushen samun kudin shiga, ba shakka).
Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da kewayon muhalli dalilai akwai wani sauka a hankali su metamorphosis, wanda ya samar da wani dutse humic garwashin. Babban rawa a wannan tsari high matsa lamba da kuma high zafin jiki ba kasa da. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, humic acid fara decompose hanzari, resins da waxes an hõre halitta Polymerization.
Kan aiwatar da samuwar gauraye irin garwashin
Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin yanayi da samuwar m humic mahadi tafi musamman rare. More sau da yawa zo gauraye tsari. Masana kimiyya theorize cewa sai ya tafi a kan da dama fronts. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi duka ya faru a kasa na zamanin da gawawwakin ruwa, a wurin da aka yanzu located ma'adinai adibas.
Humic abubuwa aka hankali ana kawo a can tare da ruwan sama da kuma sannu a hankali, a kan ƙarni, zaunar a kan kasa. Plankton wanda rayayye ci gaba da irin wannan mai yawa da kwayoyin abubuwa sannu-sannu zuga tare da dukan taro. Amma abubuwa iya zama mabanbanta.
Da zarar kan ƙasar buga da m hadari da kuma ruwan sama shawa, Wuraren fadi a cikin wani babban adadin humic abubuwa da dama na ma'adinai mahadi. Na farko, shi ne zaunar a kasa na nauyi ma'adanai, da kuma kawai humic acid aiki a kan su a matsayin iko oxidants. A hankali, da dukan jiki ne hõre Polymerization. Tun da oxygen a cikin kasa ruwa sosai kadan abu da lokaci sun kasance a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da dehydration tsari. Kuma haka shi Forms wani kwana na gauraye abun da ke ciki.
Rasha Wadannan ma'adanai ne musamman na kowa a gabashin ɓangare na kasar mu.
A da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na ci
Nau'in abubuwa kunshe a cikin garwashin
Mafi na kowa abubuwa da suke kunshe a cikin wani na iri, kira ugleobrazovatelyami. Ga cikakken jerin sunayen:
- Oddly isa, da sunadaran. A hydrolysis na carbon, masana kimiyya sun lura cewa, akwai da dama daga amino acid a cikin sakamakon cakuda. Samun wadannan abubuwa a lokacin farin ciki yadudduka da burbushin habaka bayyana quite kawai: shi ne kiyaye a cikin zamanin da, cikin sauki, kazalika da gawar wani more sosai raya kwayoyin. A cikin wani hali, da yawa ma'adinai adibas iya sau da yawa fariya tarin cancanci bincike akan burbushin halitta gidan kayan gargajiya.
- Hakika, da cellulose. Wannan hadadden carbohydrate, wanda shi ne ainihin gini tubalan na wani nau'i na shuka rai, shi ne kamar yadda wani babba part da nauyi na ci da kuma man shales (game da su za a tattauna a kasa).
- Waxes, wanda muke ta ambata. Shin esters na wasu aliphatic carboxylic acid da kuma alcohols.
- Guduro. Wannan ne mai matukar hadaddun cakuda duk wannan carboxylic acid, kazalika da unsaponifiable da saponifiable abubuwa. A wasu takamaiman yanayi ne sauƙin decarboxylation kuma m Polymerization. Su ne wani nau'i ne na "gada" don ci, saboda da aka gyara an lazimta da primary matsawa tsari.
Shi ne kusan m ga abun da ke ciki na dukkan burbushin man fetur maki tattaunawa game da shuka da kuma wani ɓangare dabba. Masu bayar da shawarwarin abiotic bayyanar da wannan man fetur ba za ka iya samun isasshen kyau dalilai, ta hanyar da su ɓãta wannan shaida. A cikin wani hali, wani katin ma'adanai (kwayoyin) ya nuna cewa su adibas ne yafi a cikin filin na zamanin d tekuna, arziki a cikin kwayoyin halittar.
Muhimman bayanai game da ci hako ma'adinai
A kasar mafi zurfi matakin na mine ne kamar 1200 mita. Duk wani katin ma'adanai Rasha za su nuna cewa, mafi yawansu a Siberia. A gefen wannan wajaba a yi la'akari da wannan ma'ajiyar kayan abinci, granary yanayi.
Sauran muhimmanci abubuwa
Ya kamata a lura da cewa ci seams sukan ci karo da cunkoso abubuwa da ciwon babban masana'antu darajar. Wadannan su ne wasu daga cikin muhimmanci da ma'aunan kasa kankara (marmara, misali), da babban adadin methane, kazalika da rare, warwatse sinadaran abubuwa. Alal misali, wasu irin ruwan kasa ci dauke da wani yawa na germanium, wanda ba abu mai yiwuwa ba tare da zamani rediyo-lantarki masana'antu, tun da shi ya kafe a kan shi ne da yawa irin semiconductors.
A amfani da kwal a zamani masana'antu
Long tafi ne kwanaki lokacin da wannan irin na ma'adinai da aka yi amfani da musamman a matsayin man fetur. Kamar yadda muka gani, ya cirewa daga wasu rare sinadaran abubuwa, kwal ne albarkatun kasa domin samar da yawa iri robobi. Tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an san cewa daga gare shi za mu iya yin roba fetur.
Yana da wadannan ma'adanai a Rasha an fi mayar da bayar da m girma da masana'antu bayan juyin juya hali. Sun kuma ba da damar don tallafa wa tattalin arzikin a consistently high matakin.
mai shale
Wannan m habaka na kayan lambu asalin daga cikin rukuni na m caustobiolites. Babban siffa daga cikin shale, wanda azurta su da irin wannan babban shahararsa a 'yan shekarun nan, a guduro, wani ɓangare na su abun da ke ciki. An samu ta hanyar barasan. da darajar ne cewa daga cikin jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties, shi ne sosai a kusa da man fetur, amma kudin da ta samar da ƙananan oilfield.
bambanci tsarin
Babban bambancin daga ~ i guda kwal shi ne cewa shi ya ƙunshi mafi ma'adanai a cikin abun da ke ciki. Organic part - kerogen. Kawai mafi ingancin shale ya share kai 70%, alhãli kuwa a duk sauran lokuta, da hanyoyin gudanar da abun ciki bai wuce 30%. Kerogen ne mafi burbushin guda-celled algae.
A nan ana da ma'adanai da aka kafa tun daga shuke-shuke. Muna fatan cewa a wannan labarin da ka samu duk na bayanai da sha'awar ku.
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