Abin da irin kwayoyin cuta: sunayen da iri

A mafi tsufa rai gabar a duniya. Its wakilan sun ba kawai tsira ga biliyoyin shekaru, amma kuma suna da ikon hallaka dukan sauran ra'ayoyi na duniya. A wannan labarin, za mu dubi abin da suke da kwayoyin.

Magana game da tsarin, ayyuka, da kuma kiran wasu da amfani da kuma cutarwa jinsunan.

A gano kwayoyin

Bari mu fara mu yawon shakatawa a cikin daula micro-kwayoyin da definition. Me kuke nufi "kwayoyin"?

A ajalinsu ya zo daga Girkanci kalmar "Wand". Ya ilimi ƙamus gabatar a cikin Kirista Ehrenberg. Wannan ba-nukiliya kwayoyin, kunsha na sel guda, kuma ba da ciwon zuciyar. A baya can, suka har yanzu ake kira "prokaryotes" (maras makaman nukiliya). Amma a shekarar 1970, akwai wani rabo a cikin Archaea da eubacteria. Duk da haka, har yanzu sau da yawa nufi da wannan kalma duk prokaryotes.

Bacteriology kimiyya karatu, waxanda suke da kwayoyin. Masana kimiyya sun ce a halin yanzu akwai kimanin dubu goma daban-daban na halittu masu rai. Duk da haka, an yi imani da cewa su ne fiye da miliyan jinsuna.

Anton Levenguk, a Dutch halittu, a microbiologist, kuma memba na Royal Society, a 1676, a wata wasika zuwa ga UK bayyana a yawan protozoa, wanda ya gano. Da manzancinSa jefa jama'a a buga, an aike mu zuwa ga kwamitin na London domin biyu-duba data.

Bayan Neemiya Gryu ya tabbatar da bayanai, Leeuwenhoek zama mashahuri malamin, wani majagaba na da sauki kwayoyin. Amma da rubutu ya koma ga su kamar yadda "animalkuli".

Aikinsa aka ci gaba da Ehrenberg. Yana da wannan bincike buga zamani Kalmar "kwayoyin" a 1828.

Robert Koch ya zama wani sauyi a ilimin. Ya postulates a cikin dangantaka kwayoyin da cututtuka daban-daban, da kuma gano wasu daga cikinsu a matsayin originators. A musamman, Koch gano kwayoyin da cewa yana sa da tarin fuka.

Kafin cewa kawai karatu ne kawai a general sharuddan, cewa bayan 1930, lokacin da na farko na'urar hange, kimiyya ta yi wani tsalle a cikin wannan shugabanci da aka kafa. A farko zai fara a-zurfin nazari na tsarin kwayoyin. A 1977, Amirka masanin kimiyya Karl Veze raba prokaryotes a kan archaea da kwayoyin.

Saboda haka, za mu iya cewa da tabbaci ba da wannan horo ne kawai da sosai farkon na ci gaba. Wa ya san yadda da yawa fiye da binciken jiran mu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

tsarin

A kan abin da suke kwayoyin cuta, 3 aji ya riga ya san ganin an. Yara koyi da tsarin kwayoyin a cikin aji. Bari mu delve a bit a cikin wannan topic warke da bayanai. Ba tare da shi, za mu zai wuya a tattauna da wadannan maki.

The girma na kwayoyin kunshi daya kawai cell. Amma shi ne daban-daban form.

A tsarin dogara a kan hanyar da na rayuwa da kuma samun abin masarufi na kananan kwayoyin. Saboda haka akwai cocci (zagaye), da kuma Clostridium Bacillus (sanda-siffa), spirochetes da vibrios (Tuddan), a cikin nau'i na cubes, da taurari da kuma tetrahedrons. An lura da cewa tare da m adadin na gina jiki a cikin yanayi kwayoyin ayan kara da surface area. Suna girma kara ilmi. Masana kimiyya kira wadannan excrescences "prostheca".

Saboda haka, bayan da muka samu daga, abin da su ne siffofin kwayoyin cuta, shi ne zama dole don magance su ciki tsari. Celled kwayoyin da akai sa na uku Tsarin. Ƙarin abubuwa iya bambanta, amma da zuciyar zai zama ko da yaushe guda.

Saboda haka, duk kwayoyin cuta ne dole ba makamashi tsarin (nucleotide) ba membrane da wasu gabbansa da alhakin gina jiki kira daga amino acid (da ribosome) da kuma protoplast. Last hada cytoplasm da cytoplasmic membrane.

Daga m waje tasiri jikin tantanin ana kiyaye shi ta wani harsashi, wanda ya kunshi bango na kwantena da murfin. Wasu jinsunan kuma sami waje tsarin kamar villi da flagella. Suna tsara don taimakawa da kwayoyin cuta yadda ya kamata motsa a sarari, don samar da abinci.

metabolism

Bayan mun fitar da siffa tare da ku, da abin da suke da kwayoyin cuta, abinci iri zama na fili. Wadannan kananan kwayoyin halitta suna kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin - heterotrophic da autotrophic. Tsohon hada daban-daban parasites wanda ba za a iya sarrafa abu samu daga waje. Suna kawai yin amfani da shirye-sanya mahadi, ta wurin jikin "mai". A karshen iya kansu nuna isasshen inorganic mahadi.

Musamman daraja neman a heterotrophic kwayoyin. Daban-daban bukatar wani yawan abubuwa. Alal misali, Bacillus fastidiosus samu kawai a cikin fitsari, kamar yadda za a iya samun kawai carbon na acid. Game da wadannan kwayoyin a cikin mafi daki-daki, za a tattauna daga baya.

Yanzu ya zama dole su zauna a kan hanyoyin da ƙari da makamashi a cikin cell. Wannan ne kimiyyar zamani sani kawai uku. Kwayoyin cutar amfani da photosynthesis, numfasawa ko fermentation.

Photosynthesis musamman, na iya zama ko dai tare da yin amfani da oxygen, da ba da taimakon da kungiyar. Ba tare da shi costing da shunayya, kore da kuma geliobakterii. Sun nuna bacteriochlorophyll. Domin oxygenic photosynthesis bukatar yau da kullum chlorophyll. Wadannan sun hada da prochlorophyta da cyanobacteria.

samu da aka sanya kwanan nan. Masana kimiyya sun gano kwayoyin da halayen a cikin cell amfani da hydrogen samar da lalata saboda ruwa. Amma dai ba duka. Domin wannan dauki, daya dole lamba na uranium tama, ba in ba haka ba sa zama dole sakamakon.

Har ila yau, a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na duniya teku, kuma akwai mazauna na kwayoyin a kan ta kasa, wadda aika da makamashi ne kawai ta hanyar lantarki na yanzu.

haifuwa

Tun da farko a kan abin da suke kwayoyin. Nau'in na haifuwa daga wadannan kwayoyin, za mu yanzu.

Akwai uku da hanyoyin da wanda wadannan halittu suna kara da lambar.

Wannan jima'i haifuwa a m tsari, budding da Yanar gizo giciye division.

A jima'i haifuwa zuriyarsa samu ta hanyar transduction, Tasrifu kuma canji.

Sanya a duniya

Tun da farko, za mu gane abin da su ne kwayoyin cuta. Yanzu ya zama dole don magana game da rawar da suka taka a yanayi.

Masu bincike sun ce da kwayoyin cuta - yana da farko rai kwayoyin da suka bayyana a wannan duniyar ta mu. Akwai duka aerobic da anaerobic jinsunan. Saboda haka, guda-celled dabba akwai iya tsira a daban-daban bala'i faruwa tare da Duniya.

A undoubted amfani da kwayoyin da ke yanayi nitrogen assimilation. Cewa suna da hannu a cikin samuwar ƙasa haihuwa, halakar ragowar matattu Flora da fauna. Bugu da kari, da micro-kwayoyin da hannu a cikin ci gaban da albarkatun ma'adinai da ke da alhakin kula da samar da oxygen da kuma carbon dioxide a sararin iska na duniya tamu.

Total biomass na prokaryotes ne game da ɗari biyar ya kai tan biliyan. Yana Stores fiye da tamanin cikin dari na phosphorus, nitrogen da carbon.

Duk da haka, a duniya akwai ba kawai amfani, amma kuma da pathogenic kwayan jinsunan. Sun sa da yawa m cututtuka. Alal misali, da tarin fuka ne daga waɗanda, kuturta, da annoba, syphilis, Anthrax, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Amma har ma da wadanda yanaye hadari ga rayuwar mutum, na iya zama wata barazana yayin da rage matakin na rigakafi.

Akwai ma kwayoyin da harba dabbobi, da tsuntsaye, kifi, da shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, ba kawai da kwayoyin ne symbiotic tare da mafi ɓullo da rai. Next za mu magana game da abin da suke da kwayoyin cuta, kazalika da wakilan da mai amfani da irin wannan kwayoyin.

Kwayoyin cutar da mutane

Mun riga siffa fitar da abin da kwayoyin cuta ne, yadda suka duba, suka san yadda za a yi. Yanzu shi wajibi ne don magana game da abin da rawar da suka taka a rayuwar zamani mutum.

Da fari dai, domin mutane da yawa ƙarni, mun yi amfani da ma'abbũta na lactic acid kwayoyin cuta. Ba tare da wadannan kwayoyin ba zai zama a cikin mu rage cin abinci ko kefir ko yogurt, ko cuku. Bugu da kari, wadannan abokai ne ma alhakin aiwatar da yistin.

A noma, da kwayoyin amfani da hanyoyi biyu. A daya hannun, sun taimaka rabu da maras so weeds (phytopathogenic kwayoyin kamar herbicides), da sauran - daga kwari (entomopathogenic unicellular kamar yadda kwari). Bugu da ƙari, mutãne ya koya don ƙirƙirar kwayan taki.

Har ila yau, kwayoyin amfani ga soja dalilai. Tare da taimakon daban-daban irin halitta m nazarin halittu makamai. Don yin wannan, a cikin shakka ba kawai kwayoyin cuta, amma gubobi secreted da su.

A cikin lumana hanya kimiyya yana amfani da unicellular kwayoyin domin gudanar da bincike a cikin halittar jini, Biochemistry, a kayyade aikin injiniya da kuma ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu. Tare da nasara gwaje-gwajen da na kira Algorithms bitamin da aka halitta, sunadaran da sauran abubuwa dole ga mutum.

A kwayoyin amfani a wasu yankunan. Da taimakon kwayoyin da aka wadãtar ores da kuma tsabtace ruwa da kuma kasa.

Har ila yau, masana kimiyya ce kwayoyin da cewa yin up da microflora a cikin mutum hanji fili, za a iya kira a raba jiki tare da burinta da kuma jinsin ayyuka. Bisa ga lissafin masu bincike, a cikin jiki shi ne game da daya kilogram na wadannan kwayoyin!

A rayuwar yau da kullum da muke da aka tsayar a ko'ina tare da pathogenic kwayoyin. Bisa kididdigar da, da mafi yawan mazauna located a kan iyawa na babban kanti trolleys, bi da kwamfuta linzamin kwamfuta in an internet cafe, da kuma kawai na uku iyawa jama'a dakin bayan gida.

Wadannan tattaunawa mayar da hankali a kan abin da kyau kwayoyin ne kawai dole ga mutum domin mafi kyau duka aiki na jiki.

m kwayoyin

Duk da yake har yanzu a makaranta an koyar, wanda suke kwayoyin. 3 aji sani dukan cyanobacteria da kuma sauran guda-celled kwayoyin, sifa da haifuwa. Yanzu za mu yi magana game da m gefen batun.

Rabin karni da suka wuce, babu daya tunani game da wannan batu, kamar yadda jihar na microflora a cikin Gut. Duk abin da ke cikin tsari. Ikon karin halitta da kuma lafiya, wani m na hormones da kuma maganin rigakafi, kasa sinadaran watsi a cikin muhalli.

Yau, a cikin yanayi na matalauta abinci mai gina jiki, danniya, da wuce haddi kwayoyin dysbiosis da related al'amurran da suka shafi je manyan mukamai. Ta yaya za a iya likitoci bayar domin yaki da shi?

Daya daga cikin manyan martani - ne amfani da probiotics. Wannan shi ne na musamman hadaddun cewa sake kafa mulkin mallaka da hanji na mutum m kwayoyin.

Irin wannan shiga tsakani iya taimaka da irin wannan m lokacin, kamar abinci allergies, lactose rashin ha} uri, cuta daga cikin gastrointestinal fili da kuma sauran magunguna.

Bari yanzu mu shãfe a kan abin da suke da amfani da kwayoyin, kazalika da koyi game da su effects a kan kiwon lafiya.

A mafi sosai karatu da ake amfani da yadu for kyau tasiri a kan jikin mutum ne iri uku kwayoyin - acidophilus, Bulgarian bacillus da bifidobacteria.

Biyu na farko an tsara a ta da rigakafi da kuma tsarin rage girma da wasu cutarwa microorganisms kamar yisti, E. coli, da sauransu. Bifidobacteria ne alhakin da narkewa daga lactose, da samar da wasu bitamin da kuma cholesterol raguwa.

inimical kwayoyin

Tun da farko, za mu yi magana game da abin da suke da kwayoyin. Iri da kuma sunayen fi na kowa amfani microorganisms da aka gabatar a sama. Wadannan tattaunawa mayar da hankali a kan "makiyan unicellular" mutum.

Saboda haka na farko na dukkan bari gano fasali na pathogenic kwayoyin. Su main makami da da mafi m Adam - ne gubobi. Amfani da irin wannan abubuwa da suka kashe shi da guba kwayoyin Kwayoyin, wanda suke parasitic. Wannan shi ne babban adadin Flora da fauna saboda da dama kwayoyin.

Akwai wadanda da suke cutarwa ga mutum, akwai m ga dabbobi ko shuke-shuke. Mutane sun koyi su yi amfani da karshen, musamman, don sarrafa weeds da pesky kwari.

Kafin mu shiga cikin wannan, abin da suke da cutarwa kwayoyin ne domin sanin su tafarkin. Amma akwai wani sosai. Duk wani kwayoyin wanda ake daukar kwayar cutar via gurbata da datti kayayyakin, Airborne da lamba hanyõyi, ta hanyar da ruwa, ƙasa ko ta hanyar cizon kwari.

Mummunan abu shi ne cewa daya kawai cell, bugawa a m yanayi na jikin mutum ne iya cikin kawai 'yan sa'o'i propagate zuwa dama miliyan kwayoyin.

Idan muka magana game da abin da suke da kwayoyin cuta, pathogenic da m title yana da wuya a bambanta da layman. A kimiyya, da su koma ga yin amfani da kwayoyin Latin sharuddan. A na kowa parlance da kalmar abstruse Concepts maye gurbin - "E. coli", "activators" kwalara, whooping tari, da tarin fuka da sauransu.

M matakan domin rigakafin cutar ne daga iri uku. Wannan lamba da kuma alluran katse watsa hanyõyi (gauze dressings, safar hannu) da kuma rigakafi.

Ina kwayoyin a cikin fitsari

Wasu mutane na kokarin duba bayan su kiwon lafiya, da kuma izinin da gwaje-gwaje a asibiti. Sau da yawa sosai cikin hanyar matalauta da sakamakon shi ne gaban kwayoyin a cikin samfurori.

A kan abin da suke da kwayoyin cuta a cikin fitsari, za mu tattauna kadan daga baya. Yanzu shi tsaye kadai zaune a kan inda, a gaskiya, babu bayyana guda-celled tãlikai.

Fi dacewa, mutum bakararre fitsari. Akwai bazai wani waje kwayoyin. The kawai hanyar da samun da kwayoyin cuta a cikin kadaici - a wurin kau na sharar gida daga jiki. A musamman, a cikin wannan harka da shi zai zama mafitsara.

Idan bincike ya nuna wani karamin adadin inclusions na kwayoyin a cikin fitsari, haka dai duk abin da yake yi. Amma tare da karuwa a cikin nuna alama a sama da halatta iyaka, irin data nuna ci gaban a cikin urogenital tsarin inflammations. Wannan za a iya dangana pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis da kuma sauran m cututtuka.

Saboda haka, tambaya na abin da su ne kwayoyin cuta a cikin mafitsara gaba daya ba daidai ba. Kwayoyin ba fada cikin zabin da wannan jiki. Masana kimiyya sun yanzu gano wata yawan dalilan manyan zuwa gaban guda-celled halittun da fitsari.

• Da fari dai, shi ne promiscuous.
• Abu na biyu, cututtuka na genitourinary tsarin.
• Abu na uku, sakaci na sirri kiwon lafiya.
• Huxu, rage rigakafi, da ciwon sukari da kuma da dama sauran cuta.

Nau'in na kwayoyin cuta a cikin fitsari

Tun da farko a cikin labarin da shi ya bayyana cewa, kananan kwayoyin halitta a cikin sharar da ake samu ne kawai a yanayin saukan cututtuka. Mun yi wa'adi ga gaya muku abin da su ne kwayoyin cuta. The sunayen za a ba kawai ga waɗanda jinsunan da aka fi sau da yawa samu a cikin gwajin sakamakon.

Don haka bari mu fara. Lactobacillus - wani wakilin anaerobic kwayoyin, gram-tabbatacce kwayoyin. Ya kamata ya zama a cikin mutum narkewa kamar tsarin. A gaban shi a cikin fitsari nuna wasu kasawa. Irin wannan taron shi ne ba da muhimmanci, amma shi ne m zuwa kararrawa cewa ya kamata tsanani a tsunduma a kanta.

Proteus kuma mai zaman halitta ne na gastrointestinal tract. Amma kasancewarsa a cikin fitsari yana nuna rashin cin nasara a cikin fitarwa. Wannan microorganism ya samo daga abinci zuwa fitsari kawai wannan hanya. Nuni akan kasancewar proteus mai yawa a cikin sharar gida shine konewa a cikin ƙananan ciki da kuma urination mai zafi tare da launi mai launi na ruwa.

Mafi kama da kwayar da ta gabata shine enterococcus fecalis. Ya fada cikin fitsari kamar yadda yake, ya karu da sauri kuma yana da wuyar magance. Bugu da ƙari, microeroganisms enterococci suna da tsayayya ga yawancin maganin rigakafi.

Saboda haka, a cikin wannan labarin, mun bayyana irin kwayoyin cutar. Mun yi magana game da tsarin su, haifuwa. Kuna koyi sunayen wasu nau'in cutarwa da masu amfani.

Sa'a mai kyau, masoyi masu karatu! Ka tuna cewa biyaya da dokokin tsabtace mutum shine mafi kyau rigakafi.