Jimla kimiyyar lissafi: da jimla Properties na haske

Shin ka taba tunanin abin da ya ƙunshi a gaskiya da yawa haske mamaki? Alal misali, sama da photoelectric sakamako, zafi tãguwar ruwa, photochemical matakai da kamar - duk jimla Properties na haske. Idan sun ba da aka gano, da masana kimiyya ayyukan dã ba su koma daga matattu batu, a gaskiya, kazalika da kimiyya da kuma ci gaban fasaha. Nazarin da sashe na jimla kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, wadda aka inextricably nasaba da wannan reshe na kimiyyar lissafi.

Jimla Properties na haske: a definition

Har kwanan nan, da hujjõji, kuma da cikakken fassarar wannan Tantancewar sabon abu bai iya ba. Suna nasarar amfani da kimiyya da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum, a kan wannan akai don gina ba kawai da dabara amma dukan matsala a kimiyyar lissafi. Kirkiro a fassara a iya samu kawai daga zamani masana kimiyya suka taƙaice da ayyukan da magabata. Saboda haka, jimla kalaman Properties na haske da kuma - a sakamako daga cikin siffofin da emitters, abin da kwayoyin halitta ne electrons. Jimla (ko photon) da aka kafa saboda gaskiyar cewa wani electron motsa su runtse makamashi matakin, ta haka ne samar da lantarki-Magnetic hatsaisai.

A farko Tantancewar lura

XIX столетии. A zato game da gaban da jimla Properties na haske ya bayyana a cikin XIX karni. Masana kimiyya sun gano da kuma aniya mamaki kamar diffraction, tsangwama da kuma rabuwa. Tare da su taimako, da electromagnetic kalaman ka'idar haske da aka samu. Yana da aka bisa ga hanzari da motsi na electrons a lokacin oscillations na jiki. A sakamakon haka, heats, bi da taguwar ruwa na hasken ta bayyana bãya gare shi. A farko marubucin jarrabawa a kan wannan batu ya kafa Banasare D. Rayleigh. Ana daukarsa a matsayin tsarin na radiation daidai da m taguwar ruwa, kuma a wuri aya. A cewar ta karshe, tare da rage a cikin su fitarwa wavelengths kamata kara ci gaba, haka ma, ake bukata domin samun ultraviolet da x-haskoki. A yi, duk wannan ba a tabbatar, da kuma shi ya dauki wani sharhi.

Planck ta dabara

XX века Макс Планк – физик немецкого происхождения – выдвинул интересную гипотезу. A farkon karni XX Maks plank - a Jamus-haife likita - ya sa a gaba mai ban sha'awa cikin jarrabawa. A cewar ta, da watsi da sha na haske ba ya faruwa ci gaba, kamar yadda a baya tunani, da kuma rabo - kamfani mai suna Quanta, ko kamar yadda aka kira su photons. h , и он был равен 6,63·10 ^-34 Дж·с. Planck ta m da aka gabatar - proportionality factor wakilta harafi h, kuma shi ne daidai 6,63 × 10 ^-34 J · s. v – частота света. Domin yin lissafi da makamashi na kowanne photon, da ake bukata daya mafi darajar - v - mita haske. Planck ta m tara da mita, kuma a sakamakon samu makamashi na guda photon. Tun Bajamushe masanin kimiyya daidai da daidai kulla a wani sauki dabara, da jimla Properties na haske, wanda ya rigaya an same ta H. Hertz, da kuma kaddamarda da shi a matsayin photoelectric sakamako.

A samu na photoelectric sakamako

Kamar yadda muka ce, masanin kimiyyar Genrih Gerts ne farkon wanda ya kusantar da hankali ga jimla Properties na haske nezamechaemye a baya. A photoelectric sakamako da aka gano a 1887 a lokacin da wani masanin kimiyya shiga hasken wani tutiya farantin karfe kuma sanda na electrometer. A cikin akwati inda farantin zo zuwa wani m cajin, da electrometer ba fuskantarsu. Idan wani mummunan cajin da aka jefarwa, da na'urar fara sallame, da zaran cikin farantin da dama ultraviolet ray. A wannan hannayensu-on kwarewa shi aka tabbatar da cewa farantin ne fallasa zuwa haske iya haskaka korau lantarki zargin, wanda daga baya ya karbi dace sunan - electrons.

Practical kwarewa Stoletova

Practical gwaje-gwajen da electrons gudanar da Rasha bincike Alexander Stoletov. Domin ya gwajen ya yi amfani da wani injin gilashin kwan fitila da wayoyin biyu. Daya lantarki da aka yi amfani da ikon watsa, da kuma na biyu aka hasken, da kuma shi da aka kawo wa korau iyakacin duniya na baturi. A lokacin wannan aiki, na yanzu fara ƙara ƙarfi, amma bayan wani lokaci ya zama m da kuma kai tsaye na gwargwado ga radiation haske. A sakamakon haka, an gano cewa, cikin sanadin motsi makamashi na electrons kazalika jinkirta ƙarfin lantarki ba ya dogara ne a kan ikon haske. Amma da karuwa a mita na haske Yanã tsirar da wannan adadi.

New jimla Properties na haske: da photoelectric sakamako da kuma ta dokoki

Lokacin da Hertz ta ka'idar da yi Stoletov aka janye uku na asali dokokin, wanda, kamar yadda ya juya waje, da photons ne aiki:

Мощность светового излучения, которое падает на поверхность тела, прямо пропорциональна силе тока насыщения. 1. Power haske da cewa da dama a kan surface na jiki ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga ƙarfi daga jikewa halin yanzu.

Мощность светового излучения никак не влияет кинетическую энергию фотоэлектронов, а вот частота света является причиной линейного роста последней. 2. Power haske ba zai tasiri a sanadin motsi makamashi na photoelectron, amma mita haske ne da hanyar da latest mikakke girma.

Существует некая «красная граница фотоэффекта». 3. Akwai irin "ja gefe na photoelectric sakamako." A kasa line shi ne cewa idan da mita ne kasa da m mita nuna alama haske ga wani ba abu, da photoelectric sakamako ne kiyaye.

biyu theories karo Matsalolin

Bayan dabara samu Max Planck, Science fuskantar wani matsala. A baya can samu kalaman, kuma jimla Properties na haske, wanda suka bude kadan daga baya, ba zai iya zama a cikin tsarin na kullum yarda da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi. A daidai da electromagnetic, tsohon ka'idar, duk da electrons na jiki, wanda da dama a kan haske kamata zo a cikin tilasta oscillation a wannan mita. Wannan zai samar da wani iyaka sanadin motsi makamashi da cewa abu ne mai wuya. Bugu da ƙari, domin jari na bukata adadin sauran zai kasance da electron makamashi zama dole don su iya dubun minti, yayin da photoelectric sakamako, a yi, akwai ba wata 'yar alamar bata lokaci ba. Bugu da ari rikice tashi ma daga gaskiya cewa makamashi na photoelectrons ba ya dogara ne a kan ikon haske. Haka kuma, yana da ba da ja gefen photoelectric sakamako, kuma aka ba lasafta gwargwado ga mita na electron sanadin motsi makamashi na hasken da aka bude. A tsohon ka'idar iya bayyana a fili a bayyane zuwa ga ido na jiki mamaki, da kuma sabon ya ba tukuna cikakken yi aiki daga.

Rationalism Alberta Eynshteyna

Kawai a 1905, babban likita Albert Einstein ya nuna a yi, kuma da alaƙa a ka'idar, abin da shi ne - da gaskiya yanayi na haske. Kuma jimla kalaman Properties, bude ta biyu daura da juna shiriritar a daidai sassa muhimmi to photons. Don kammala hoton rasa kawai da manufa na discreteness, watau ainihin wurin da photons a sarari. Kowane photon - a barbashi cewa za a iya tunawa ko jefarwa a matsayin dukan. Electron "Ashsharab" baƙin photon qara ta cajin a kan darajar da makamashi tunawa da barbashi. Bugu da ari, ciki da photocathode electron matsa da surface, yayin da rike wani "biyu kashi" na makamashi, wanda fitarwa an canza kama zuwa sanadin motsi makamashi. A wannan sauki hanya, da kuma photoelectric sakamako ne da za'ayi a cikin abin da babu jinkiri dauki. A gama na electron samar da wani jimla da kanta, wanda da dama a kan surface na jiki, haskakawa tare da ko da karin makamashi. A mafi girma da yawan photons samar - da ƙarin iko radiation, bi da bi, da kuma canji da haske kalaman tsiro.

A sauki na'urorin, wadda ake bisa qa'ida da photoelectric sakamako

Bayan binciken sanya ta Jamusawa masana kimiyya a farkon karni na ashirin, da aikace-aikace samun shiga cikin jimla Properties na haske ga yi na daban-daban na'urorin. Qirqire, wanda aiki ne da photoelectric sakamako, kira hasken rana Kwayoyin, cikin sauki wakilin wanda - da wuri. Daga cikin disadvantages za a iya kira rauni halin yanzu watsin, low ji na ƙwarai to dogon kalaman radiation, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa ba za a iya amfani da AC haihuwarka. A injin na'ura ne yadu amfani a photometry, sun auna ƙarfin haske da hasken quality. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a fototelefonah kuma a lokacin audio sake kunnawa.

Photovoltaic Kwayoyin tare da madugu ayyuka

Ya quite a daban-daban da irin na'urorin, wadda ake bisa ga jimla Properties na haske. Su nufi - don canja m yawa. Wannan sabon abu ne wani lokacin ake kira da ciki photoelectric sakamako, kuma shi ne tushen aiki photoconductors. Wadannan semiconductors suna wasa mai da muhimmanci sosai rawa a rayuwarmu ta kullum. Domin da farko lokacin da suka fara amfani da bege motoci. Sai suka samar da lantarki da baturi aiki. A tsakiyar karni na ashirin da ya fara amfani da irin wannan hasken rana Kwayoyin domin ginin Spaceships. Har yanzu, saboda da ciki photoelectric sakamako aiki da turnstiles a cikin jirgin karkashin kasa, šaukuwa calculators da kuma hasken rana bangarori.

photochemical halayen

Haske, da yanayin da ya kawai partially samuwa kimiyya a karni na ashirin, a gaskiya, shi rinjayar da sinadaran da nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da kwarara farawa jimla kwayoyin dissociation aiwatar da su ci tare da sunadaran. A kimiyya, wannan ne da aka sani a matsayin photochemistry, kuma a cikin yanayi na ɗaya daga cikin manifestations ne photosynthesis. Shi ne saboda hasken tãguwar ruwa matakai na watsi da wasu abubuwa samar da Kwayoyin a cikin extracellular sarari, inda shuka zama kore.

Shafi na jimla Properties na haske da mutum ya gani. Samun a kan haske a jikin, a photon triggers aiwatar da bazuwar daga sunadarai na gina jiki. Wannan bayanai da aka hawa da neurons a cikin kwakwalwa, da kuma bayan lura, za mu iya duka ga hasken. Dare sunadarin ne a mayar da hangen nesa ne amintattun ga sabon yanayi.

sakamakon

Mun gano a cikin shakka daga wannan labarin, wanda shi ne yafi da jimla Properties na haske aka nuna a cikin wani sabon abu da ake kira photoelectric sakamako. Kowane photon yana da cajin da taro, kuma a lõkacin da tsayar da wani electron da dama a cikin da shi. Jimla da electron zama daya, kuma su hada da makamashi ne tuba zuwa cikin sanadin motsi makamashi, wanda, tsananin magana, wajibi ne ga aiwatar da photoelectric sakamako. A kalaman oscillation haka samar na iya kara photon makamashi, amma kawai don wani gwargwado.

Photoelectric sakamako a yau shi ne wani muhimmin bangaren da mafi iri kayan aiki. A ta da asali na ginin sarari jiragen ruwa da kuma tauraron dan adam, wajen samar da hasken rana Kwayoyin suna amfani da matsayin tushen karin makamashi. Bugu da kari, hasken taguwar ruwa da babban tasiri a kan sinadaran da nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai a duniya. Kudi na talakawa hasken rana da tsire-tsire ne kore, yanayin duniya da aka fentin da cikakken palette da shuɗi, da muka gani a duniya kamar yadda shi ne.