Abin da abu na iya zama: azuzuwan, halaye, da kaddarorin. Jiki Properties na abu

Daga cikin manyan sciences sunadarai ne a yankin ilimi da dan'adam, wanda ke karanta abun da ke ciki da kuma halaye na mahadi, kazalika da juna canje. Daya daga cikin tsakiyar tambayoyi na sunadarai zai zama kamar haka: abin ne azuzuwan abubuwa? Musamman sassan na kimiyya, kamar, inorganic da kwayoyin sunadarai, musamman idan akai la'akari da tsarin da kaddarorin da mahadi, kuma ma bayyana su m darajar.

Mene ne sinadaran da cewa yadda za a raba jiki jiki da kayan, wanda yake shi ne iri-iri na kayan - wadannan da sauran tambayoyi za a rufe da mu a cikin wannan aiki.

Ainihin manufar sunadarai

A kowane reshe na mutum ilimi ne key - ainihin ra'ayoyi da Concepts, wanda aka gudanar duk da siririn gini na kimiyya. Ga lissafi - lamba da cewa shirye-shirye - data abstraction. A sunadarai abu bautar wani tsakiyar matsayi - nau'i na al'amarin, wanda suke tsarin raka'a kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin ko ions. Hada a daban-daban haduwa, sai suka samar da wata dama adadin daban-daban mahadi da ciwon daban-daban da kuma sinadaran jiki Properties daga cikin abu.

A jikin abu da kuma

Bisa ga wakilci na Jihar tari, yana yiwuwa domin sanin abin da yake abu a cikin yanayi: m, ruwa ko gaseous. Shirya wani crystal raga tsarin raka'a sinadaran mahadi kafa jiki. Abubuwa wanda barbashi (kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin ko ions) ana amfani da mutum ga takamaiman bukatun da kuma bukatun da ake kira hotuna. Alal misali, sumunti, gilashin - shi ne wucin gadi, da itacen, yashi, dutse - wata halitta abu.

Mene ne wani tsantsa abu

A sunadarai, rarrabe tsakanin mutum da abubuwa da aka cakuda. A karshen a cikin yanayi da dama umarni na girma mafi girma: teku ruwa, da kuma jini, madara, duwatsu, da iskan da muke shaka - shi ne mai hade da dama mahadi. Get Mai ƙididdigewa ga m abubuwa iya zama a cikin wani na yau da kullum makaranta sunadarai Lab. Reagents a shi an rarraba bisa ga mataki na tsarki. Saboda haka, a cikin musamman m siffofin da taro sulusi da murabba'i na impurities ne kasa da 0,0001%, amma a high fasahar masana'antu kamar microelectronics, yaro-, da Aerospace masana'antu, irin wannan mataki na tsarki kasa.

Alal misali, a semiconductors 10 milliardov germanium kwayoyin halitta ne a yarda ba fiye da daya najasa zarra. Don sanin abin da yake cikin abu na tsarki, amfani da irin wannan hanyoyin zamani na sinadaran analysis, a matsayin watsawa, solubilization da colloid-sinadaran magani. Bayan samun 'yanci daga impurities na ta sinadaran da jiki Properties na al'amari ne na musamman.

harshe sunadarai

Da yake ainihin kimiyya, yana amfani da manufar al'amarin, sunadarai amfani da alamomin da abubuwa. Sun nuna ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin. Saboda haka, a tabbatar da dalilin da gudanar da mahadi na dabarbari shi ya ƙunshi dama zažužžukan, kamar a fili na janar dabara, bisa ga sinadaran Properties na konewa kayayyakin.

Mahadi sauki da kuma hadadden

Ci gaba da search for da amsar tambayar, abin da yake abu, yana da daraja ƙarfafu daya daga cikin na farko sukayi fassara nazari cikin darussan da na sunadarai - rabo a cikin sauki da kuma hadaddun abubuwa. A farko a cikin abun da ke ciki dauke da kwayoyin halitta na daya kawai sinadari. Alal misali, oxygen - Ya _2, sulfur - S, alli - ca. Wasu, da ake kira mafi mahadi hada da kwayoyin halitta na biyu (binary abubuwa H ₂ Ya, CuS) ko fiye da sinadaran abubuwa. Alal misali, Na ₂ CO _3, Ba (OH) _2. Simple abubuwa, bi da bi, za a iya raba karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa.

Babban bambancin dake tsakanin su da damuwa da farko da irin wannan halaye kamar yadda jiki Properties. Abubuwa "karafa" ne sauƙi recognizable da halayyar silvery Sheen, sun kasance mai girma conductors zafi da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda riwayar ta farko irin. Non-karafa a cikin saran lokuta dielectrics. Su ma talakawa conductors zafi da kuma. Duk da haka, wannan rabo ne mai sabani abubuwa. Tun tsakanin karafa da kuma nonmetals wuya su kusantar da bambanci a fili. Alal misali, germanium, graphite, ana amfani da ko'ina a lantarki da aikin injiniya, alaka maras karafa.

Azuzuwan da hadaddun abubuwa

Systematizing ilmi bayanin da sinadaran da jiki Properties na abu, masana kimiyya raba inorganic da kuma gudanar da mahadi a cikin azuzuwan. Oxides, acid, salts da kuma sansanonin sojin suna karatu a cikin daki-daki, a cikin sunadarai azuzuwan 7 - 9 azuzuwan da kuma azuzuwan da kwayoyin abubuwa (hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes) ana gabatar a cikin shirin na 10 - 11 makaranta.

A nazarin sinadaran azuzuwan da aka fadada mutum sãsanni, na inganta da samuwar real-duniya kwarewa, wanda ya ƙunshi wata babbar dama abubuwa. Saboda haka, idan akai la'akari da oxides, mun koyi ba kawai game da abin da ya faru a cikin wannan aji abu a zahiri ko sunadarai Properties, amma kuma don matsahi na saba da yaduwar oxides da sauƙi, kazalika da ayyana su amfani a masana'antu da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum. Saboda haka, silicon oxide Sio ₂ ne wani ɓangare na yashi, da yumɓun, da dutse, ma'adini, forming da lithosphere na Duniya.

Yana da muhimmanci albarkatun kasa ga kayan gini masana'antu, a yi na gilashi, sumunti, tukwane. Iron oxides FeO, Fe ₂ Ya _3, Fe ₃ Ya ₄ su ne ainihin aka gyara na iri daban-daban da Karafa da ke cikin filin, msl, Krivoy Rog, Kurskoe, Kachkanarskoye. A yanayi ne yadu gabatar a matsayin carbon oxides, musamman carbon dioxide, da kuma nitrogen oxides.

Gishiri - mafi m aji na sunadarai

Mun gani cikin halaye na oxide - binary mahadi tare da oxygen da karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa. Yanzu mu duba daya daga cikin mafi girma a azuzuwan na inorganic abubuwa - salts. Su jiki Properties an bayyana ta da ionic raga. Shi ne da farko da ikon da za su gudanar wutar lantarki biyu a mafita da kuma a zubi, da kuma babban narkewa zafin jiki. Alal misali, kowa gishiri ne daidai to 801 ° C, sun alli silicate - 1544 ° C.

Salts shiga cikin sunadarai matakai da karafa, alkalis, acid, da kuma iya a cikin bayani amsa da juna, ya hau a cikin musayar halayen. Chemistry nazarin ba kawai abin da yake abu a cikin sinadaran da jiki Properties, amma kuma yana biya mai girma da hankali zuwa ga yin amfani da masana'antu da aikin gona da gidaje. Alal misali, sodium chloride, amfani da mu domin Pickle da abinci ne mai albarkatun kasa domin samar da Multi-ton hydrochloric acid, soda, chlorine. potassium salts, msl, chloride, nitrate da kuma sulfate, ne ma'adinai takin cewa bunkasa amfanin gona. Alli carbonate wakilci a cikin yanayi, amfani a yi.

Kadarorin psychotropic abubuwa

Natural, ko artificially hada fili influencing biyu da sassa na tsakiya m tsarin da kuma na gefe kashi kira abu ko neuroleptics. By mayar da hankali a kan korau dũkiyarsu da kuma ikon sa wani mutum dangantaka, sau da yawa amfani da Kalmar "kwayoyi". Don fayyace wannan tasiri psychotropic abubuwa da juyayi tsarin a general, za mu tuna da cewa mahadi daga wannan jerin iya duka biyu bunkasa watsa kudi na zumudi da kwakwalwa da kuma laka, kuma ya hana aiki da dukan juyayi tsarin.

Su ne musamman stimulators daban-daban na rabe: zafi, auditory, na gani, tactile. Wannan zai iya haifar da wani mutum na musamman jihar sani, ya kira wani canji. Da kyau a san halitta abu amfani da softer mataki sakamako a kan jikin mutum. An same su a cikin kofi wake, shayi ganye, 'ya'yan nutmeg.

Isasshe pronounced mai guba effects da nicotine misali, ibotenic acid dauke a cikin tsantsa noxious fungi. Mutane da yawa zafi magunguna amfani da maganin sa barci, kamar morphine, codeine, ephedrine, samu daga shuke-shuke. Su ma m psychoactive mahadi. A mafi tsanani, zai kai ga cikakken halakar jikin mutum ne Semi-roba da kuma roba antipsychotic kwayoyi: amphetamine, tabar heroin, LSD. A amfani da psychotropic kwayoyi da aka tsananin sarrafawa, da kuma aikace-aikace gudanar karkashin m dubawa na likita.

Abu da musamman Properties

A total nauyi na sinadaran mahadi za a iya mai suna wadanda wanda da wasu, musamman Properties. Alal misali, mafi ductile karfe a yanayi da aka dauke su da zinariya, da mafi dadi abu - -L-α-aminomalonic acid -aspargil. Shi ne 40 000 sau sweeter fiye da tebur sugar. Amma tambaya na abin da abu yana da fetid wari, babu wani tsari guda amsar matsayin yawan Mercury-sulfur mahadi tare da general dabara RSH, kira mercaptans, m wari. Suna kasaftawa a kan aiwatar da lalata da matattu kwayoyin halitta ba a cikin tumbi tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, da kuma ko da wani ɓangare na odoriferous gland na wasu dabbobi, kamar dabbar skunk.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da duniya ne babbar da kuma ban sha'awa da kayayyakin, da kuma sunadarai - da kimiyya da cewa yale mu mu yi nazarin su tsarin, Properties da muhimmanci a rayuwar dan Adam.