A tsarin da fungal Kwayoyin. Nau'in na namomin kaza: mold da yisti

Nature naman kaza ya kasance kullum mai yawa tambayoyi. A wannan labarin, za mu yi kokarin magance shi da kuma koyi game da tsarin fasali na fungal Kwayoyin.

Mene ne wani naman kaza: a shuka ko dabba?

A farkon rabin karni na XX namomin kaza tana nufin wani shuka. Cikakken karatu sun nuna cewa ba su da babban alama da shuka, wato da ikon photosynthesize, amma da dabbobi da yawa a cikin na kowa. Amma wannan tabbatarwa da aka karyata. A shekarar 1969, masana kimiyya sun ƙarasa da cewa tsarin da fungal cell na da musamman halaye, sabili da haka su ya kamata a sanya wa wani raba daula yanayi.

A bisa ga al'ada, kimiyya Mycology ne wani reshe na o. Kamar mafi yawan kwayoyin, fungi ne eukaryotes superkingdom, ko makaman nukiliya. Su peculiarity da yake a cikin kira na halaye da cewa ne muhimmi ga sauran halittu masu rai. Kamar shuke-shuke, ba su da makamai, kafafu, da idanu, m motsi wuya ga su ma. Tare da wadannan fungi rasa ikon sarrafa kwayoyin abubuwa. Kamar dabbobi, suka hallaka su ƙãre form.

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi bambancin nazarin halittu kungiyoyin. Count jimlar yawan jinsunan da suke kunshe a cikin wannan daula, da wuya ko da ga masana. A Figures Range daga 300,000 zuwa dama miliyan. Namomin kaza wani bangare ne na duk terrestrial da kuma na cikin ruwa al'amarin.

A tsarin da fungal Kwayoyin

A talakawan size of fungal cell diamita ne daga 10 zuwa 100 microns. Waje, da ya ƙunsa da wuya harsashi, ko cell bango. Ya kunshi polysaccharides, lipids, phosphates, sauki sugars, furotin, chitin da sauran abubuwa. Ciki da bango an rufe tare da jini membrane, wanda shi ne alhakin metabolism da kuma goyon baya na matsa lamba.

A membrane mai cike da ruwa - cytoplasm a cikin abin da duk suke da wasu gabbansa. A cikin hanyar kananan barbashi a cikin cytoplasm ne glycogen ajiye gina jiki. Dalili ne cell tsakiya, da kayyade bayani kunshe a cikinsa. Akwai iya zama da dama, dangane da irin naman kaza. Wani lokaci a cikin nucleus din ne nucleolus.

Tsarin fungal cell ne ma halin da gaban vacuoles, centrioles, mitochondria Lobas. Sun ƙunshi wani Golgi na'ura , tare tare da daban-daban Kalam, misali lysosomes da phagosomes. Manufar dukkan bangarorinsa shi ne sinadaran gyara secretions. Endoplasmic reticulum wakilta fungal cell rarrabuwa cibiyar sadarwa na tubules da ducts, yin yawa ayyuka. Daga cikin su - jari na carbohydrates, neutralization gubobi, hormone kira.

Zane na fungal cell da aka gabatar da hankali sama.

Rarrabe siffofin a cikin tsarin

Tare da shuke-shuke da dabbobi kasance a eukaryotes fungi saboda gaban a cikin kwayoyin jikinsu nuclei. A wannan batun, da salon salula tsarin wadannan kwayoyin yana da wani kama. Mai da daban-daban abun da ke ciki na dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, yayin da tsarin da fungal cell ne da wani abu a tsakanin.

Su, kamar tsire-tsire, da karfi cell bango. Yana ba kawai kunshi cellulose, a chitin, wanda shi ne yanzu a wasu dabbobi (crayfish, kwari da kuma kama. D.). Namomin kaza ba chloroplast, kuma ba zai iya gudanar da wani photosynthesis. Kamar yadda da shuke-shuke, Kwayoyin namomin kaza dauke da vacuoles, kuma a maimakon na sitaci - glycogen.

Babban kowa alama wasu fungi da kuma dabbobi ne gaban chitin da glycogen polysaccharide jari a matsayin gina jiki. Wakilan biyu mulkoki da heterotrophic abinci mai gina jiki. Animal Kwayoyin, da bambanci ga fungi, da m vacuoles da cell ganuwar, wasu fiye da m membrane.

kyawon tsayuwa

Daga cikin babbar iri-iri na namomin kaza da fumfuna ne, a cikin wani kimiyya hanya - oomycetes. Shin ba daban-daban daga sauran iri Kwayoyin na fungi. A tsarin da wadannan kwayoyin yana da waje da bambance-bambance. Su ba su da wani furta 'ya'yan jiki (haihuwa sashin jiki), kamar blewits. Duk da cewa za a iya gani da ido tsirara - shi ne mai matuƙar branched mycelia, wanda da blewits yawanci boye karkashin kasa. Fruiting jiki daga mold ne mai rauni.

Babban alama ne microscopic size. Wadannan kwayoyin suna yadu rarraba a duniya. Mould samu ko da a cikin kankara na Antarctica. Wadannan fungi haifa ta hanyar spores da ne musamman m na danshi. Suna halin a high rayuwa kudi da kuma adaptability zuwa daban-daban muhalli dalilai. Mould ba kashe ko radiation. Akwai iri da za su iya haifar da babban lahani ga mutane da dabbobi (aspergillosis, da dai sauransu ..), Kuma wasu suna amfani da maganin rigakafi (penicillin, cyclosporine).

yisti

Daya daga cikin jinsunan fungi ne yisti. Ba kamar pileate da fungi ba su kullum dokoki mycelium. Sake bugun daga wannan nau'in ba spores, kamar su "dangi" da kuma vegetatively ta rarraba ko dake tasowa. Wasu jinsunan har yanzu samar da mycelium, wanda zai iya karya saukar zuwa guda Kwayoyin.

Yeasts suna da ikon decompose sugar zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa. Wannan tsari shine ake kira fermentation. A da aiwatar alama da makamashi da ake bukata domin naman gwari aiki. Fermentation taimaka tãyar da kullu, sa shi porous, don haka shi ne sau da yawa amfani da dafa abinci.

Yisti m muhalli da yanayi. Domin su, da muhimmanci gaban a substrate na sukari. Suna rarraba a kan surface 'ya'yan itatuwa da ganye a cikin halitta jikin ruwa da kasa. Wasu nau'in rayuwa a cikin Gut na kwari da cewa ci itace.