A takaice dai tarihi na ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a daga tsufa wa yau

History of ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a - da kimiyya na fannin nazarin zamantakewar al'umma kamar yadda wani reshe na ilmi, da aiwatar da ta ci gaba da kuma samuwar. A kan hanya na ci gaba ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a ya halartar quite gwaji canje-canje a cikin batun na gudanar da bincike, da kuma hanyoyin. Idan muka magana game da irin wannan batu a matsayin tarihi na ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, shi wajibi ne don raba shi a cikin kwanuka biyu: pre-kimiyya da kuma kimiyya (na zamani).

History of ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a - pre-kimiyya lokaci

Tsoho lokaci. Matsaloli na jama'a a zamanin da, mai tsanani tsunduma a cikin Greek masana falsafa. A 'ya'yan itace daga tunaninsu, su sunã a cikin nau'i na girke-girke "manufa jama'a", a hoto na da manufa mutum. A al'amari na kayyade yanayin da al'umma da babban masana falsafa na lokaci sãɓa wa jũna. Alal misali, Aristotle ĩmãni jama'a na halitta da na halitta da ãƙibar mutum raya kasa, da kuma Plato, a kan m - wani wucin gadi samuwar.

Tsakiyar zamanai. Ainihin ra'ayin a lokacin da shi da aka yi imani da cewa wani mutum ne mai jama'a na duniya - tsarin, shirya bisa ga Allah ta al'ajibi. A cewar wannan ra'ayin, duniya ɗaya ne, duka maza - yan'uwansa, da kuma duka daidai zunubi. Domin wannan lokaci da yanayi ne halin da asali zunubi da kowane mutum da rashin iyawa to kai-gyara ba tare da nufin Allah.

Renaissance. Wannan shi ne wani lokaci na samu, ba kawai a cikin labarin kasa amma kuma a cikin dokokin da al'ummar dan Adam. A 14-16 ƙarni, akwai na farko Thinkers na utopian (Utopia - wannan ra'ayin ne m tare da real rayuwa da yanayi), da Birtaniya Thomas More, Francis Bacon, Clemente T. Campanella da sauransu. A cikin labarun, utopias suka fentin prototypes na wani "mai haske nan gaba" ga dukan mutane.

New lokaci. Kawasaki lokaci na kimiyya ci gaba da kuma m ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma yawan girma ya jagoranci zuwa fitowan da sabon theories. Saboda haka, wakilin haske Hobbes a cikin 17th karni da aka kirkiro da ra'ayin "zamantakewa kwangila" da tabbatar da yanayin da amincewar da ikon da a karon farko ya kira wata iyaka daular mulkinsu. Locke samarwa da ka'idar duniya adam daidaici, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen ga zamani ya kunsa.

History of ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a - daga farko kimiyya Concepts to mu kwana

1842 - shekara na halittar positivist falsafa. Marubucin wannan ka'idar Comte kuma dauke su daya daga cikin na farko masana kimiyyar zaman takewa, kamar yadda shi ne daya daga cikin na farko domin ayyana tushen da kimiyya. Saboda haka, ya samarwa don amfani a sociological bincike hanyoyin da kallo, kamanta bincike da kuma gwaji, m abu da kuma manufar da binciken. Ya farko takaita da baya tattara ilimi, kafa tushen da ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a na kimiyya. Daya daga cikin mafi bayyanar sociologists ma kira Herbert Spencer, to bayyana a cikin daki-daki, ga akidar juyin halitta na al'umma a matsayin wani ɓangare na halitta. Daya daga cikin rassan koyarwarsa zama zamantakewa Darwiniyanci, wanda daga baya ci gaba a cikin wani launin fata-anthropological makaranta da kuma zamantakewa juyin juya halin Sumner, bisa ga abin da ci gaban al'umma shi ne na halitta da kuma wani bangare ne na wata dokar-gudana hanya na ci gaba da jinsunan mutane.

A cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th, da ka'idar Marx na aji gwagwarmaya da kuma rashin daidaito da aka ɓullo da, ka'idar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsarin, bisa ga abin da babban musu a cikin al'umma ne masu zaman kansu da dukiya, da lalata wanda zai kai ga bacewar azuzuwan. A Weber a lokaci guda halitta ya ka'idar interpretive ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a.

L. Gumplowicz a karshen karni na 19th sa a gaba da ra'ayin cewa abu na nazarin ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a ne don nazarin zamantakewa kungiyoyin da su interactions. Bisa ga ayyukansa, kowane zamantakewa kungiyar na fafatawa da sauran for da hakkin ya tsira kuma sha kagaggun raba albarkatun. A farkon karni na karshe da aka alama ta ka'idar tsoma bakin Pareto.

A cikin karni na 20th yawa sabon Concepts da aka ɓullo da (behaviorism, m interactionism, phenomenological ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, ka'idar na game kira) da kuma kimiyya makarantu, musamman rare daga gare su sun kasance Chikagkaya, Colombian da kuma Frankfurt.

A tarihin Rasha ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a a hanyoyi da dama kama da Turai daya. Harsashen da aka aza a pre-neman sauyi Rasha, godiya ga ideas na Slavophiles da kuma kasashen yammaci. Daga bisani, bayan da 1917 Rasha ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da aka karkashin tsauraran akida dubawa da kuma ci gaba sun fi mayar a layi tare da Marx ta nazarin zamantakewar al'umma. Kawai a cikin farkon 90-ies na Rasha sociological kimiyya ya fara ji dadin 'ya'yan itãcen Yammacin gabascin da kuma masana kimiyya da cikakkiyar.

Yau, da tarihi na ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a ci gaba da girma da sabon Concepts da kuma ra'ayoyinsa.