A sunadarai Properties na tungsten. Halaye da kuma aikace-aikace na tungsten

Tungsten - shi ne da wani sinadari a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur, wanda nasa ne Group VI. A yanayi tungsten auku a matsayin wata cakuda da biyar isotopes. A wani al'ada iri da kuma karkashin al'ada yanayi, shi ne mai ɗamfarar karfe azurfa-m launi. Yana kuma shi ne mafi tsaurin dukkan karafa.

Basic Properties na tungsten

Tungsten - wani karfe da ciwon ƙwarai jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. A kusan dukkan rassan zamani samar da ake amfani da tungsten. Da dabara yawanci shi ne aka bayyana a matsayin karfe oxide zane-zane da - WO _3. Tungsten ne mafi tsaurin karfe. An zaci cewa kawai seaborgium iya zama ma fi tugoplavok. Amma kawai idan dai shi ba za a iya ikirarin, kamar yadda seaborgium yana da matukar gajeren rayuwa.

Wannan ƙarfe yana da wani takamaiman jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. Tungsten yana da wani yawa na 19300 kg / m ^3, ta narkewa zafin jiki ne 3410 ° C. By wannan siga shi ne na biyu ne kawai zuwa carbon - graphite ko lu'u-lu'u. A yanayi tungsten auku kamar yadda biyar barga isotopes. Su taro lambobi a cikin kewayon daga 180 zuwa 186. Tungsten yana da wani valence na 6 da minti, da kuma mahadi shi yana iya zama 0, 2, 3, 4, kuma 5. The karfe ila yau yana da isasshe babban matakin thermal watsin. Domin tungsten, adadi ne 163 W / (m * deg). A cewar wannan dukiya, ko da ya wuce mahadi kamar aluminum gami. Mass tungsten saboda da yawa wanda shi ne daidai 19kg / m ^3. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na tungsten jeri daga +2 zuwa +6. ƙarfe yana acidic Properties, da ƙananan a cikin mafi girman mataki na ta hadawan abu da iskar shaka - asali.

Kamar wancan gami da ƙananan tungsten mahadi suna dauke m. A mafi resistant ne mahadi da ciwon wani mataki na shida. Sun nuna mafi halayyar da kuma sinadaran Properties na karfe. Tungsten o ƙarin readily samar da gidaje. Amma da karfe tungsten ne yawanci sosai resistant. Ya fara hul] a da oxygen kawai a zazzabi na +400 ° C. A crystal raga na tungsten da dangantaka da jikin-tsakiya cubic irin.

Hulda da sauran sinadarai

Idan tungsten da ake gauraya ta da bushe sunadarin flourine, da fili za a iya samu a karkashin sunan "hexafluoride", wanda ya narke a zazzabi na 2,5 ° C da kuma tafasa a 19,5 ° C. A irin wannan abu da aka samu a lokacin da fili na tungsten tare da chlorine. Amma domin wannan dauki bukatar m high zazzabi - game da 600 ° C. Duk da haka, da abu sauƙi resists hallakaswa mataki na ruwa da kuma kusan ba batun canza a cikin sanyi. Tungsten - karfe, wanda shi ne ba tare da oxygen dauki samar rushe a alkalis. Duk da haka, an sauƙi narkar da a cakuda HNO ₃ da HF. Mafi yawa daga cikin manyan sinadaran mahadi na tungsten - ne ta trioxide WO _3, H ₂ WO ₄ - tungstic acid Kalam - tungstates salts.

Daya iya la'akari da wasu daga cikin sinadaran Properties na tungsten daga dauki lissafai. Alal misali, da dabara WO ₃ + 3H ₂ = W + 3H ₂ O. An gano daga tungsten karfe oxide bayyana dukiya to hulɗa tare da hydrogen. Wannan lissafi ya nuna kan aiwatar da samun da shi daga tungsten trioxide. Wadannan dabara suturta irin wannan dukiya a matsayin tungsten m insolubility a acid: W + 2HNO3 + 6HF = WF6 + 2NO + 4H2O. Daya daga cikin mafi ƙwarai abubuwa dauke da tungsten carbonyl dauke. Gare shi, kuma sama mai yawa ultrathin shafi na tsarki tungsten.

Tarihi na samu

Tungsten - wani karfe da samun da sunan daga Latin harshe. Fassara yana nufin "kerkẽci ta froth". Wannan sabon abu da sunan bayyana saboda da hali na karfe. Rakiya mined tama tin, tungsten, tin katsalandan selection. Saboda shi a cikin tsari na smelting slag kafa ne kawai. Wannan ƙarfe aka ce cewa ya "ci tin kamar kerkẽci cin abinci da tumaki." Mutane da yawa mamaki wanda ya gano sinadaran kashi tungsten?

Wannan bincike na kimiyya da aka yi a lokaci guda a wurare guda biyu da daban-daban masana kimiyya, da kansa da juna. A 1781 da sunadarai Scheele na Sweden samu wani da ake kira "nauyi dutse", gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da nitric acid da kuma scheelite. A 1783, 'yan'uwa chemists daga Spain, Eluard sunan ma ya ruwaito gano wani sabon kashi. More daidai, su, aka buɗe tungsten oxide narkar da a ammonia.

A gami da sauran karafa

A halin yanzu rarrabe guda-lokaci da kuma Multi-lokaci tungsten gami. Sun dauke da daya ko fiye waje abubuwa. Mafi sani fili - yana da wani gami da tungsten, da molybdenum. Ƙara molybdenum tungsten imparts ƙarfi a karkashin tashin hankali. Har ila yau a cikin category na single-lokaci tungsten gami ne mahadi da titanium, hafnium, zirconium. A mafi girma plasticity na tungsten a haɗe rhenium. Duk da haka, a yi amfani da wani gami - fairly lokaci-cinyewa tsari, kamar yadda Rhenium da wuya a samu.

Tun da tungsten ne daya daga cikin mafi tsaurin kayan, da samun tungsten gami - ba aiki mai sauki. Lokacin da wannan karfe an kawai fara tafasa, wasu suna riga motsi a cikin wani ruwa ko iskar gas a jihar. Amma zamani masana kimiyya iya samu gami ta wajen electrolysis. Gami dauke da tungsten, nickel da kuma cobalt, ana amfani da ake ji da m Layer a kan m kayan.

A zamani metallurgy masana'antu kuma shirya gami amfani da tungsten foda. Don ƙirƙirar zama dole yanayi na musamman, ciki har da halittar wani injin yanayi. Saboda wasu siffofin na tungsten hulda da sauran abubuwa steelmakers fi son gami ba ƙirƙirar biyu-lokaci halaye, da kuma yin amfani da 3, 4 ko fiye aka gyara. Wadannan gami ne musamman m, amma tare da bayyana yarda dabarbari. A wata 'yar alamar sabawa yawan gami aka gyara iya juya gaggautsa kuma unusable.

Tungsten - kashi, wanda aka yi amfani a cikin art

Daga wannan karfe sanya filament talakawa fitila. Har ila yau, X-ray tube na'ura hada da wuri makera da za a yi amfani a musamman high yanayin zafi. Karfe, wanda ya hada da tungsten yana da matukar high matakin ƙarfi. Irin wannan gami aka yi amfani da sarrafa kayayyakin aiki a fannoni daban daban, domin hakowa, magani, aikin injiniya.

Babban amfani da mahadi, kuma tungsten karfe - sa juriya unlikelihood lalacewa. Mafi shahara gini a tungsten gami da ake kira "lashe." Har ila yau, wannan kashi ne yadu a yi amfani da sinadaran masana'antu. Tare da ta Bugu da kari halitta Paint pigments. Musamman yadu a yi amfani da wannan filin samu tungsten oxide 6. Ana amfani domin samar da tungsten carbides da halides. Wani sunan ga wannan abu - tungsten trioxide. 6 Tungsten oxide da ake amfani da matsayin rawaya pigment a Paints ga tukwane da kuma gilashin kayayyakin.

Abin da ya yi nauyi karafa?

All tungsten-tushen gami da samun high yawa index, da ake kira nauyi. Su ake samar kawai ta hanyoyin da foda metallurgy. Tungsten ne ko da yaushe da dalilin nauyi gami, cikinsa da abun ciki na iya zama har zuwa 98%. Har ila yau, wannan karfe an kara zuwa nauyi karafa nickel, tagulla da kuma ƙarfe. Duk da haka, za su iya shiga da kuma Chrome, da azurfa, cobalt, molybdenum. A mafi girma shahararsa tsiwirwirinsu wucin gadi zama gami (tungsten - nickel - baƙin ƙarfe) da kuma XIP (tungsten - nickel - jan). A babban matakin yawa na wadannan gami damar da su zuwa sha hatsari gamma radiation. Daga cikin wadannan flywheels ake yi na ƙafafun, lantarki da lambobi, rotors for gyroscope.

tungsten carbide

Aƙalla rabin na tungsten amfani ga samar da m karafa, musamman tungsten carbide, wanda yana da narkewa zafin jiki na 2770 C. Tungsten carbide ne sinadaran fili, wanda ya ƙunshi wani daidaita yawan carbon kwayoyin zarra da tungsten. Wannan gami yana da takamaiman sinadaran Properties. Tungsten ba shi da wani ƙarfi irin wannan cewa ya wuce wannan nuna alama karfe ninki biyu.

Tungsten carbide da ake amfani a baje a masana'antu. Domin shi ne kerarre sabon abubuwa ya zama sosai resistant zuwa high yanayin zafi da kuma abrasion. Har ila yau, saboda wannan kashi da aka yi:

• Aircraft sassa, mota injuna.
• Details for Spaceships.
• Medical da kuma m kida, wanda ake amfani da su a ciki tiyata. Irin wannan kayan aikin ne mafi tsada fiye da na al'ada likita karfe, amma sun kasance mafi m.
• Kayan ado, musamman alkawari zobba. Irin wannan shahararsa tungsten nasaba da ƙarfi, ga ma'aurata wanda alama ce ta ƙarfi dangantaka, kazalika da bayyanar. Features goge tungsten a cikin irin wannan cewa shi ga mai dogon lokaci tserar madubi, m bayyanar.
• Bukukuwa domin ball-aya alkalama alatu.

Win - tungsten gami

Aƙalla a cikin biyu da rabi na 1920s, kasashen da dama sun riga sun fara samar gami da yankan kayan aikin, wanda a shirye suke daga tungsten carbide kuma cobalt karfe. A Jamus, irin wannan gami kira Madhuri, a Amurka - Karbolit. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, irin wannan gami ne ake kira "lashe." Wadannan gami sun kyau kwarai domin lura da Cast baƙin ƙarfe kayayyakin. Win ne yumbu-karfe gami da wani musamman high matakin da aminci. An sanya a cikin nau'i na faranti na daban-daban siffofi da kuma masu girma dabam.

Pobedita masana'antu tsari ne kamar haka: dauki wani tungsten carbide foda, lafiya foda na nickel ko cobalt, da kuma duk abin da yake gauraye da guga man a musamman kyawon tsayuwa. A guga man farantin haka hõre kara zafi magani. Wannan ba wani da wuya gami. Wadannan faranti ba kawai amfani da yankan na Cast baƙin ƙarfe, amma kuma ga yi na rawar soja da kayayyakin aiki. Faranti na pobedita soldered a kan hakowa kayan aiki ta amfani da tagulla.

Yaduwar tungsten a cikin yanayi

Wannan ƙarfe ne sosai kadan baza a yanayi. Bayan duk abubuwa 57 yana daukan wuri, kuma shi ne halin yanzu a matsayin clark tungsten. Har ila yau, da karfe ne ma'adanai - scheelite da wolframite. Tungsten migrates cikin ruwan karkashin kasa, ko kamar yadda ion mallaki ko a cikin nau'i na daban-daban mahadi. Amma mafi girma a maida hankali ne negligible a ruwan karkashin kasa. Shi ne 'yan hundredths na MG / l kuma kusan ba ya canja abin da sinadaran Properties. Tungsten kuma za a iya sake shiga halitta ruwa jikuna daga ruwa mai guba shuke-shuke da kuma masana'antu.

A sakamako a kan jikin mutum

Tungsten wuya zo a cikin lamba tare da ruwa ko abinci. Akwai iya zama wani hadarin inhalation na tungsten barbashi tare da iska a wuraren aiki. Duk da haka, duk da na ga category da nauyi karafa, tungsten ne wadanda ba mai guba. Tungsten guba faruwa ne kawai a cikin wadanda suke da alaka da samar da tungsten. A mataki na karfe sakamako a kan jikin iya zama daban-daban. Alal misali, tungsten foda, tungsten carbide, da kuma irin wannan abu a matsayin anhydrite tungstic acid, zai iya sa huhu lalacewa. Its main cututtuka - malaise, zazzabi. More tsanani bayyanar cututtuka bayyana a lokacin da guba tungsten gami. Wannan na faruwa da inhalation daga turɓãya gami da take kaiwa zuwa mashako, na huhu fibrosis.

Ƙarfe tungsten, fadowa cikin jikin mutum, ba tunawa a cikin hanji da kuma hankali nuna. Iya wakiltar wani babban hatsari tungsten mahadi na zuwa narkewa. Suna ajiye a cikin baƙin ciki, ƙashi da fata. Tsawo mai daukan hotuna na tungsten mahadi iya faruwa cututtuka kamar gaggautsa kusoshi, fata peeling, iri daban-daban dermatitis.

Hannun jari na tungsten, a} asashe

The most tungsten albarkatun ne a Rasha, Canada da kuma China. Masana kimiyya hasashen cewa a cikin gida ƙasa located game da 943 dubu ton na wannan karfe. Idan muka yi imani da wadannan kimomi, da mafi yawan reserves located a kudancin Siberia da kuma Far East. Very kadan da aka sani da albarkatun sulusi da murabba'i - shi ne kawai game da 7%.

By yawan tabbatar da adibas na tungsten Rasha ne na biyu ne kawai a kasar Sin. Mafi yawan su suna located a yankunan na Kabardino-Balkaria da Buryatia. Amma a cikin wadannan filayen ba samar da tsarki tungsten, kuma ta tama ma dauke da molybdenum, da zinariya, bismuth, tellurium, scandium, da kuma sauran abubuwa. Biyu daga uku na girma daga cikin sakamakon tungsten bincika kafofin encased a tsaurin ores, inda babban volframosoderzhaschim ma'adinai ne scheelite. A rabo legkoobogatimyh tama asusun for kawai na uku daga cikin samar. Halaye na tungsten samar a Rasha ne m fiye da waje. Ores dauke da wani babban kashi na tungsten trioxide. A Rasha, sosai 'yan karfe alluvial adibas. Tungsten Sands ne ma talakawa quality da yawa oxides.

Tungsten a cikin tattalin arzikin

Global tungsten samarwa ya fara girma daga game da 2009, lokacin da na fara warke Asian masana'antu. The most m na tungsten ne kasar Sin. Alal misali, a shekarar 2013 da rabo daga Manufacturing a wannan kasar lissafta ga 81% na duniya wadata. Game da 12% na bukatar tungsten hade tare da samar da lighting maras motsi. A cewar masana, da yin amfani da tungsten a cikin wannan yanki zai iya rage a lokacin jiyya da LED da kyalli fitilu a cikin gida yanayi da kuma wuraren aiki.

An yi imani da cewa za a yi girma bukatar tungsten a samar da kayan lantarki. High lalacewa juriya da tungsten, kuma da ikon kula da wutar lantarki yi wannan ya fi dace da karfe domin samar da irin ƙarfin lantarki gwamnoni. Duk da haka, a cikin sharuddan na bukatar shi ne har yanzu quite kananan, kuma ya kiyasta cewa ta 2018 za girma da kawai 2%. Duk da haka, bisa ga Masana kimiyya hasashen cewa, a nan gaba ya kamata faru ya karu bukatar cemented carbide. Wannan shi ne saboda ci gaban da mota samarwa a cikin Amurka, China, Turai, da kuma wani karuwa a karafa masana'antu. An yi imani da cewa ta 2018, bukatar tungsten zai kara da 3.6%.