A solubility na jan karfe a ruwa da kuma acid

Dalili na sinadaran Properties na mafi abubuwa ne da ikon narke a cikin wani ruwa-ruwa matsakaici da kuma acid. Nazarin halaye hade tare da low aiki jan sakamako a karkashin al'ada yanayi. A fasalin da ta sunadarai matakai ne da samuwar mahadi da ammonia, Mercury, nitric da sulfuric acid. Low jan solubility a ruwa ba zai iya haifar da lalata tafiyar matakai. S muhimmi musamman sinadaran Properties, kyale a yi amfani da fili a daban-daban da masana'antu.

description kashi

Copper an dauki mafi tsufa na karafa, wanda koya yadda za a yi mutane fiye BC. Wannan abu ne shirya daga halitta kafofin a cikin nau'i na tama. Copper-kira sinadari tebur da Latin sunan cuprum, wanda jerin lamba ne daidai 29. A cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin, an located in na huɗu lokacin da nasa ne da farko kungiyar.

Halitta abu ne mai ruwan hoda-ja nauyi karfe da taushi da kuma malleable tsarin. Da yawan zafin jiki ta tafasar da kuma narkewa maki - 1000 ° C. Shi ne mai kyau shugaba.

A sunadarai tsarin da kaddarorin

Idan ka bincika lantarki dabara na jan karfe zarra, yana yiwuwa a gane cewa yana da 4 matakan. A cikin valence 4s-orbital daya ne kawai electron. A lokacin sinadaran halayen iya cleaved daga zarra na 1 zuwa 3 barnatar caje barbashi, sa'an nan da samu jan mahadi a hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +3, +2, +1. Yana yana da mafi girma da kwanciyar hankali divalent Kalam.

A sinadaran halayen, shi abubuwa a matsayin low-aiki karfe. Karkashin talakawa yanayin jan solubility a ruwa ya bace. A bushe iska lalata ba a lura, amma ta gasa da karfe surface mai rufi tare da baki tinge na ferrous oxide. Chemical juriya na jan karfe ne da aka nuna da mataki na anhydrous gas, carbon, kuma da dama daga hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi, phenolic resins da alcohols. An halin da dauki complexation da a saki canza launin mahadi. Copper yana da wani low dangantaka da wani Alkali karfe kungiyar daure su samar da wata yawan Kalam na monovalent.

Mene ne solubility?

Wannan tsari na samuwar irin wannan tsarin a cikin nau'i na mafita a cikin hulda da fili da sauran abubuwa. Su gyara su ne mutum kwayoyin, kwayoyin halitta, ions da sauran barbashi. A mataki na solubility ne m da taro na abu, wanda aka narkar a shiri na wani cikakken bayani.

A sashi ne na auna mafi sau da yawa percentages, juz'i ko nauyi kasarun adadi. A solubility na jan karfe a ruwa, wasu mahadi kamar m tsari, batu ne kawai zuwa canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki yanayi. Wannan dogaro da aka bayyana, ta masu lankwasa. Idan adadi ne kadan, da abu yana dauke su insoluble.

A solubility na jan karfe a wani ruwa-ruwa matsakaici

Metal farfado lalata juriya karkashin mataki na seawater. Wannan ya tabbatar da ta inertness a al'ada yanayi. A solubility na jan karfe a ruwa (ruwa tare) an kusan ba ya lura. Amma a wani gumi muhalli, da kuma ƙarƙashin rinjayar da carbon dioxide a farfajiya na karfe fim da aka kafa na koren launi, wanda yake shi ne asali carbonate:

Cu + Cu + O ₂ + H ₂ Ya + CO ₂ → Cu (OH) ₂ · CuCO _2.

Idan muka yi la'akari da ta monovalent fili a matsayin gishiri, shi ne lura da su kadan rushe. Irin wannan kayan su ne batun m hadawan abu da iskar shaka. A sakamakon haka ne divalent jan fili. Wadannan salts da kyau solubility a cikin ruwa-ruwa matsakaici. Shin su cikakken dissociation cikin ions.

acid solubility

Al'ada dauki yanayin percolation jan tare da mai rauni ko diluted acid taimaka ba to su interactions. Babu wanda ya sinadaran aiwatar karfe tare da alkalis. A solubility na jan karfe a acid na iya, idan sun kasance m oxidizing jamiái. Kawai a cikin wannan harka, da hulda faruwa.

A solubility na jan karfe a nitric acid

Wannan dauki yiwu saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai wani karfi da karfe hadawan abu da iskar shaka reagent. Nitric acid diluted a dabzar form, kuma farfado da kaddarorin da oxidative rushe da tagulla.

A farko embodiment aka samu a lokacin da dauki na jan karfe nitrate da bivalent nitrogen oxide a cikin rabo na 75% zuwa 25%. Tsari da tsarma nitric acid za a iya bayyana ta da wadannan lissafi:

8HNO ₃ + 3Cu → 3Cu (NO _{3) 2} + NO + NO + 4H ₂ O.

A karo na biyu idan, wani jan nitrate da nitrogen oxides divalent da tetravalent wanda rabo daga 1 zuwa 1. Wannan tsari ya shafi 1 mole na karfe da kuma 3 moles na mayar da hankali nitric acid. Bayan rushe jan ne mai karfi da dumama da bayani, sakamakon thermal bazuwar daga oxidant faruwa da murmurewa ƙarin girma daga nitrogen oxides:

4HNO ₃ + Cu → Cu (NO _{3) 2} + NO ₂ + NO ₂ + 2h ₂ O.

A dauki amfani da kananan-sikelin samar, hade da aiki da ya da ko cire shafi sharar gida. Duk da haka, irin wannan hanyar na dissolving jan yana da yawan rashin hade da saki mai yawa na nitrogen oxides. Don kama ko neutralize su na bukatar musamman kayan aiki. Wadannan matakai ne tsada sosai.

Copper rushe yana dauke da cikakken idan akwai wani cikakken bayanin daina samar da maras tabbas nitrogen oxides. A dauki zazzabi jeri daga 60 zuwa 70 ° C. A mataki na gaba shi ne ragewan daga cikin bayani da sinadaran reactor. A kasan akwai kananan guda daga karfe wanda ya ba ya mayar da martani. Don da sakamakon ruwa da aka kara ruwa da tacewa ne da za'ayi.

Solubility a sulfuric acid

Kullum wannan dauki ba ya faruwa. Determinant jan rushe a sulfuric acid, shi ne mai karfi da natsuwa. Diluted matsakaici ba zai iya oxidize karfe. Rushe jan a mayar da hankali sulfuric acid fitowa da a saki sulphate.

A tsari bayyana ta da wadannan lissafi:

Cu + H ₂ SO ₄ + H ₂ SO ₄ → CuSO ₄ + 2h ₂ Ya + SO _2.

A Properties na jan karfe sulfate

Gishiri dibasic ma kira sulfate, designate shi a matsayin: CuSO _4. Yana da wani abu ba tare da wani halayyar wari, exhibiting ba volatility. A anhydrous form, da gishiri ba ya kala, shi ne opaque, sosai hygroscopic. A jan karfe (sulfate) mai kyau solubility. Ruwa kwayoyin, shiga salts iya samar da crystalline hydrate fili. An misali ne vitriol na jan karfe, wanda yake shi ne topotecan blue. Its dabara: CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O.

Crystalline hydrate muhimmi bluish tint m tsarin, sun nuna wa m, ƙarfe da dandano. Kwayoyin iya rasa su hada ruwa a kan lokaci. A yanayi, a samu a cikin nau'i na ma'adanai, wanda sun hada da chalcanthite da butit.

Fallasa jan sulfate. Solubility ne exothermic dauki. A kan aiwatar da hydration gishiri da aka kasaftawa wani gagarumin adadin zafi.

A solubility na jan karfe a cikin baƙin ƙarfe

A sakamakon wannan tsari pseudoalloys kafa na Fe kuma Cu. Don ƙarfe baƙin ƙarfe da tagulla za a iya iyakance juna solubility. Kalla da kyawawan dabi'unsa suna lura a cikin zafin jiki nuna alama 1099,85 ° C. A mataki na jan karfe solubility a cikin m nau'i ne daidai to 8.5% baƙin ƙarfe. Wadannan su ne kananan Manuniya. Rushe ƙarfe baƙin ƙarfe a cikin m nau'i na jan karfe ne game da 4.2%.

Ragewan da yawan zafin jiki zuwa dakin dabi'u sa kadan juna tafiyar matakai. Lokacin narke karfe da tagulla, shi ne iya da kyau rigar da baƙin ƙarfe, a m form. A cikin shirye-shiryen da Fe kuma Cu pseudoalloys amfani da musamman preform. Aka halitta su ta latsa ko yin burodi baƙin ƙarfe foda ba a tsarkake ko gami form. Irin wannan preform aka impregnated da ruwa da jan karfe, kafa pseudoalloys.

Rushe a ammonia

A tsari sau da yawa daukan wuri ta wucewa da NH ₃ a gaseous form kan karfe ja don zafi. A sakamakon haka ne aka rushe jan a ammonia tukar tumbi Cu ₃ N. Wannan fili ake matsayin monovalent nitride.

Salts na ta fallasa ammonia bayani. Bugu da kari na da reagent da jan chloride take kaiwa zuwa hazo a cikin nau'i na hydroxide:

CuCl ₂ + NH ₃ + NH ₃ + 2h ₂ Ya → 2NH ₄ CL + Cu (OH) ₂ ↓.

Rarar ammonia inganta da samuwar wani hadadden irin fili ciwon duhu-blue saka launi:

Cu (OH) ₂ ↓ + 4NH ₃ → [Cu (NH _{3) 4]} (OH) _2.

Wannan tsari ne da amfani domin sanin cupric ions.

A solubility na baƙin ƙarfe

A tsarin da pearlite ductile baƙin ƙarfe, a Bugu da kari zuwa babban aka gyara gabatar da wani ƙarin kashi a cikin wani nau'i na al'ada tagulla. Wato ta ƙãra graphitization na carbon atoms qara fluidity, ƙarfi ne, kuma taurin na gami. Da karfe yana da kyau sakamako a kan matakin perlite a karshe samfurin. A solubility na jan karfe a cikin baƙin ƙarfe da ake amfani da doping na farko abun da ke ciki. Babban manufar wannan tsari ne domin samun wani malleable gami. Ya za a inganta ta inji da kuma lalata kaddarorin, amma rage embrittlement.

Idan jan ciki na baƙin ƙarfe ne game da 1%, rabon ƙarfi a lokacin da mikewa daidai yake da 40%, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa ƙaruwa zuwa 50%. Wannan muhimmanci musanya halaye na gami. Kara adadin karfe dopant zuwa 2%, sakamakon wani canji a jure darajar 65% da kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa zama daidai 70%. A wata mafi girma jan ciki a cikin abun da ke ciki na baƙin ƙarfe ne kafa wuya spheroidal graphite. Gabatarwa ga tsarin da alloying kashi bai sauya ba da fasahar da su kafa wata danko sosai da kuma taushi gami. A lokaci don annealing, ya zo daidai da lokacin kiranka na irin wannan dauki a lokacin da samar da baƙin ƙarfe ba tare da jan impurities. Shi ne game da 10 hours.

Amfani da tagulla domin yi na Cast baƙin ƙarfe da wani babban taro na silicon ba iya gaba daya kawar da ake kira ferrugination cakuda a lokacin annealing. A sakamakon haka, wani samfurin ciwon low tsirar.

Solubility a Mercury

Lokacin da gauraye da karfe Mercury sauran abubuwa samu amalgam. Wannan tsari na iya faruwa a dakin da zazzabi, saboda a karkashin irin wannan yanayi shi ne wani ruwa Pb. A solubility na jan karfe a cikin Mercury faruwa ne kawai a lokacin da dumama. Metal dole ne farko sara. Bayan wetting ruwa Mercury m jan karfe ne a juna shigar azzakari cikin farji na daya abu a cikin wani tsari ko yadawa. Tamanin da solubility da aka bayyana a matsayin mai yawan da yake 7.4 * 10 ^-3. A lokacin da dauki m an samu wani sauki amalgam kama da kara dankon aminci. Idan shi ne kadan zafi, shi softens. A sakamakon haka, irin wannan cakuda da ake amfani da gyara na ain. Akwai kuma wani hadadden amalgam tare da mafi kyau duka abun ciki na karfe a cikinsa. Alal misali, a cikin wani hakori gami yana da abubuwa da azurfa, da kuza, tagulla da kuma tutiya. Su adadin a kashi na nufin duka biyu 65: 27: 6: 2. Amalgams da irin wannan abun da ke ciki kira azurfa. Kowane gami bangaren aikin wani takamaiman aiki, wanda damar zuwa sami high quality hatimi.

Wani misali shi ne na amalgam gami, a cikin abin da akwai wani babban jan ciki. Haka kuma an kira jan gami. A abun da ke ciki na amalgam ne ba daga 10 zuwa 30% Cu. High yawa na jan hana tin mayar da martani tare da Mercury, wanda ba ya samar da sosai rauni, kuma lalatattu gami lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, rage adadin na azurfa a hatimin sakamakon a wani raguwa a farashin. Don shirya amalgam ne kyawawa don amfani mai inert yanayi ko wani m ruwa wanda Forms wani fim. Metals cewa yin up gami da iya hanzari oxidized da iska. Dumama aiwatar Cuprum amalgam a gaban hydrogen take kaiwa zuwa wani Mercury barasan da ya raba da elemental tagulla. Kamar yadda ka gani, wannan batu ne mai sauki don koyi. Yanzu ka san matsayin jan interacts ba kawai da ruwa amma kuma tare da acid da wasu abubuwa.